Counseling Children in a Community Setting Essay Example for Free

Counseling Children in a Community Setting EssayThis name deals with the effects of loss on children of both a primary and secondary nature. Events such as the stopping point of a parent or friend and the resulting consequences ass be difficult for a child to deal with, depending on what stage they are at developmentally. Other losses such as personal possessions, those resulting from ill-use or a sudden change in a childs life nookie also be difficult (Goldman, 2004). The author also discusses, according to Piagets developmental theory, how children deal with loss. Younger children can often have trouble understanding why a loved one died may connect an event to the death that is not even related. Older children are curious as to the events and reasons for the loss, tending to seek answers as to why the death occurred. It is recommended that when speaking to children about death, an age-appropriate explanation should be used. Children need to have information that clearly d efines specific type of death that has occurred, such as a murderer or an accident(Goldman, 2004). To help children efficaciously cope with a sudden loss, Goldman proffers several options that can be productive. Having a team that focuses on supporting the child can be very salutary to bereavement counseling. This team has members from the family, school and includes the counselor. The team assesses exactly what losses have occurred to the child and what developmental stage the child is at. Based on this information, the team can set up a plan for supporting the child (2004).Other methods that can be used to help the child include helping the family top about the death, support groups, play therapy and focusing on early intervention. The author stresses the importance of having an all-around knowledge of the circumstances and that considering the consequences that the loss will have on a childs whole life experience (Goldman, 2004). References Goldman, Linda. (2004). Counseling w ith children within contemporary society. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, Volume 26, no. 2, 168-187.

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Freedom of lyric EssayThe phrase independence of deliverance refers to an individuals right to speak freely, or to establish oneself without suppression from the new(prenominal)s. In addition, the granting immunity of talk may refer to a individuals ability to seek, impart, or receive information without influences that may limit the freedom. People send word express their opinion or views through the right of freedom to speech. This right is recognized by galore(postnominal) nations governments, as salutary as both international and regional humane rights organizations. For instance, the United States government protects the peoples right of freedom to speech through the First Amendment, which is found in the constitution. The freedom of speech though a right has and can be mistreated if its not limited, and the need to prevent the freedom of speech ab practise has make it necessary for governments to put into place some limitations to this right. These limitations atomic number 18 adopted so that cases of abuse through speech such as obscenity and use of insults are curbed. All over the world, the abuse of the freedom of speech has become a general phenomenon.The right to freedom of speech can be dangerous when handle (Andrew, 2005, p. 65). Discussion The freedom of speech can become abused when its used to create conflicts, disagreements, and in some cases war. Speech involves the use of words and phrases to express ones opinion about an issue. These phrases or words can be used to express feelings of hatred, dislike, and dissatisfaction. As human beings, it is very natural for us to go through tragic and painful experiences . These experiences may trigger feelings of hatred and dislike towards those we may perceive as having contributed to our misfortunes.For example, unfair treatment of a person by the others may create negative feelings towards the others. These feelings can be expressed by our actions, deeds, or speech. When negative feelings are expressed through speech, they may bleed to the abuse of the freedom . A good example is the use of insults or inappropriate language towards other people. The words that may be used in speech can be insensitive and are most likely to violate the rights of the other people. This no doubt proves that freedom of speech can be used to abuse freedom.It is every persons right to be respected, and the use of abusive language against a person should not be tolerated. However, many another(prenominal) individuals and human rights activists advocate for freedom of speech without any limitations. It is a fact that the use of speech is one of the best ways through which people can express how they feel, as well as their views about different issues (Lee, 1988, p. 24). But the question that we need to ask ourselves is, to what extent should the freedom of speech be allowed?The human nature triggers people to exploit opportunities for their own benefits, which make them abuse the right to speech for their selfish needs. So many conflicts, disagreements, and wars emanate from the abuse of the freedom of speech. The use of feelings and emotions that promote hatred triggers conflicts, which have resulted to loss of human life or injuries. The individuals or a group of people that is insulted tends to retaliate the attacks . It is no wonder and so that a single instance of abuse leads to many more successive cases of abuse.Another way through which the freedom of speech can be abused is by suppressing the freedom to speak in other people so that they do not express themselves as they would desire. This occurs when speech is used to manipulate people, or to make them submit to the selfish desires of one person. Such cases of abuse are often experienced in the political world. Individuals or groups may use speech to manipulate and threaten people, so that they do not interfere with their political interests. The people are prevented from making independent decis ions through threatening statements.Since we all endure to a certain political system in our respective nations, we are likely to experience political influences. nation has nowadays become a common feature in the political systems. This has given the citizens the right to speak freely about the political evils and illegal actions that may exist in the society (Sunstein, 1995, p 63). This is a positive way of using the freedom of speech. However, it becomes tragic when the same right is used to suppress the rights of the others. The people are coerced not to use their freedom to speech, since its considered to threaten some selfish needs.The freedom of speech is also abused when people speak to defy the social morals and ethics. For instance, the use of lascivious language goes against many societies ethics and morals. The modern technology through the Internet is one of the communication channels that people use to exploit the freedom of speech for the wrong reasons. The Interne t is currently causing devastating effects on the morals and ethics of the societies. Through this form of communication, the right to speak is being abused through inappropriate use of language, with the websites giving the people an opportunity to exploit the freedom of speech for the wrong reasons.There is no argument that the internet is of outstanding benefits to the people. However, it is being used by the people to offend and to promote hatred against the others. The freedom to speak freely has its merits and demerits. This right to speech is abused through dishonesty. For many of us, we cannot count the number of times that we have used this right to give misleading or false information as a way of defend our selfish interests. When this information is received by the others, it creates room for more abuse.Any action or deed that goes against the virtues and the ethics of the society can be termed as abuse of the human rights, freedom of speech included. The present day bu siness world is very competitive, and all business enterprises are now capitalizing on market their products for maximum returns. Through advertising, many corporate bodies use false information to woo consumers, a situation that represents the abuse of freedom of speech . The freedom of speech then becomes dangerous when its abused. Conclusion The freedom of speech is a human right which allows us to express our feelings and opinion.When properly used, it is of great importance. On the other hand, this right can be abused for various reasons. This becomes very dangerous, a situation that brings out the negative side of free speech in people. In order to prevent this, limitations need to be adopted so that this right is used for the good of the people.Works CitedAndrew, Puddephatt. Freedom of Expression The essentials of Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, pg. 127, 2005 Lee, Bollinger. The Tolerant Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988 Sunstein, Cass. Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech. Publishing Research Quarterly 11 (4) 5872, 1995

Alternatives to Prison for Punishment and Rehabilitation

Alternatives to Prison for Punishment and RehabilitationCrime has always been prevalent in the myriad spheres of our order and will never cease to exist. To combat curses, methods have been derived to deter these depending on the gravity of the crime itself. The graver the crime the graver the punishment. These methods can prove to be inefficient. In this eventuality new ways must be thought and implemented for a safer and better community at large. Im prisonment has been used since a real long time ago and still used as a mean to deter and punish law breakers and again the worsened the deeds, the greater the time of impoundment. This method present many objectives and is most widely used, it keeps people guilty of a crime under strict control forrader their case is presented at the court of justice and act as a punishment as their freedom is snatched once they are convicted. Moreover it prevents them from committing more crimes. It alike plays the role of a rehabilitation cent er that is the person leads a better life and is able to reintegrate the society. Finally it protects the public from them.(stern V 2006)However, these objectives are not always met by the mean of incarceration. As Professor Angela Davis (Professor of Criminology at Birmingham City University) puts it, prisons are obso allowe. She votes for a decarceration and believes that the era of durance has come to an end because often captive are those who suffer from racism and sexism (Wikipedia, Angela Davis).Moreover incarceration marginalizes the offenders, keeping them away from the social interactions of their formerly everyday life and this will create a disposition of alienation which will further encourage criminal behavior. (William Bales, 2011)Evidence shows that, imprisonment further criminalise the offenders where they get indulged in more serious crimes where all they did was a misdemeanor. Often in the prison purlieu drug dealing takes place and non drug addicts become prey to temptations. Moreover wrong frequentations of notorious criminals make them vary to a world full of crime where they collude with them. Furthermore, the transmission of HIV and other diseases are prevalent there and this is alarming. (William Bales, 2011)Prisoner usually comes from poor environment where they are poverty stricken, unemployed and indulged in drug and alcohol activities and they commit crimes because of their illiteracy.Therefore in the light of the above, it is concluded that imprisonment is not the only workable means of deterring crimes.The justice policy institute concluded the crime rate has gone down since the states has put fewer person in prison. As prison population fell by 0.2%, a 6% drop in violent crime was noticed. These figures show that keeping fewer prisoners could have a confirmative effect on the safety of the public. (Heather C West, 2010)There are many alternatives to prison. But the gravity of the action committed by the offender should be i nterpreted into consideration.Firstly the fine. this is a monetary amount to be paid by the convict and this amount again depends on the gravity of the action committed and the economic status of him.Usually fines are paid for small offences such as speeding fines plainly for atrocious crimes it does not apply because it will be unfair to let the criminal free in the society. Compensation besides is a type of fine paid to the family of the victims. (Matt Faye, 2010)Secondly probation. The offender is active in the society just now he is under constatant monitoring by a probation officer. The offender is given a restricted area where he can go and if he refrains to do so, and so he may be enwrapped. This alternative is flexible and is used in the Wales. (Matt, Faye, 2010).With technology the use of electronic monitoring is now possible.this technology is very practical and requires obligatory supervision.the convict wears ankle bracelets which is connected to a gps (global posi tioning satellite system) which gives the exact location of him. This costs 6 times lesser than imprisonment and reduces offenders risk by 31%. This study was conducted in Florida where more than 5000 offenders were supervised. (William Bales, 2011)Thirdly jacket crown Punishment. This type of punishment is the most finite type.The talion law an nub for eye a tooth for a tooth. Murderers forgo their rights as human when they take someone elses life.Many more innocent person have been killed by released paroled murderers than people executed. Capital punishment is 100% effective as a deterrent because the murderer cannot kill again.It can also deter other crimes, a 1985 study (Stephen K. Layson, University of northwesterly Carolina) showed that 1 execution deterred 18 murders. (Wikipedia )Moreover this will cut the cost of prisons will also be reduced.Fourthly, Suspended Sentences. The offender is not imprisoned but follows certain controls. This system is used in overcrowded pri sons where the offender must not commit any offence for a set amount of time. The offender is also supervised by a probation officer by this time. (Stern v 2006)Community measuresThe offender is required to do community works entirely or part in prison. The work is unpaid. Normally some cleaning or maintenance.Rehabilitation, the convicts is allowed to follow some treatment (drug and alcohol addicts). Often those people commits crime and this can relinquish with proper rehabilitation facilities. Finding drug treatments to them will reduce the number of addicts in the prisons and is a suitable alternative too. (Stern V 2006)Juvenile Crimes child crime is different from adult crime. In most legal systems the offenders are not deemed to be fully functioning as moral agents. Thus, the best way to contend them is through rehabilitation rather than punishment.correction centres should be made for children beyond control instead of imprisoning them.(WikipediaCrime committed by mentally ill offenders should not be punished by the means of incarceration because the latter is not conscious of what he/she is doing. Instead they should be conducted to a psychiatric centre to get treated.For these alternatives to be implemented, the convicts must follow a set of guidelines and must imperatively follow it.otherwise they will be imprisoned.some right are also restricted for them such as they wont be allow to go to places where they want to go.ConclusionAlternative ways to prisons is a good thing while the offender observe the set of guidelines given.If the single bread earner of a family is jailed then the whole family is crippled and will fade into the darkness of poverty. if a mother is imprisoned then the child will lack maternal love and this can turn the child into a criminal.on a conclusive note it is better considering the condition where the person committed the crime. if a person commits a theft out of pleasure or greed he deserves the maximum punishment else i f because of poverty then trainng programs can be offered.BibliographyStern V Criminal Justice Reform Unit Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria(2006) united nations office on drugs and crimes, Alternatives to immurement http//www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and- prisonreform/cjat_eng/3_Alternatives_Incarceration.pdf accessed 24.02.15William bales ,Karen mann 2011 Us department of justice ,office of justice programs national institute of justice september 2011 Electronic monitoring reduces recidivism.https//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/234460.pdfaccessed 24.02.15Matt Loffman and Faye Morten ,Joe Caesey February 2010.The quaker council for European affaires,council of Europe ,Investigating alternatives to imprisonment pg 8-12 http//www.qcea.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/rprt-alternatives-en-jan-2010.pdf accessed 24.02.15Heather C. West, William J. Sabol, and Sarah J. CRIME, INCARCERATION DOWN IN 2010 States are safely reducing prison populations SEPTEMBER 2 011http//www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/fbi_ucr_2010_factsheet_final.pdf accessed 24.02.15http//www.sistersinside.com.au/media/alternativestoprison.pdf accessed 24.02.15http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis24.02.15http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_incarceration

The Creation Of Mods And Rockers

The Creation Of Mods And RockersIn the 1960s, as rise up as today, the highest incidence of violent and retention crime is among the poor and unemployed, specifically the super-exploited sectors of the running(a) class (Downes and Rock, 2007 p. 241). What is the reason behind this? Both the Mods and the Rockers were mainly break downing class. Cohen mean that because these callowness groups were mainly working class and that meant that they had less(prenominal) opportunities than them of higher class, they also were not seen to have whatever specific talents and they did not have any money. Cohen (2009) states that since the Mods and Rockers did not have any companionable contacts, except for themselves, in society they had to create their own activities which them to take part in deviance.Cohen focuses on the systematic demonising and scapegoating of the Mods and Rockers. Mass media visualised the two youth groups as animals on several occasions. This demonology of the Mods and Rockers lead to them being seen and referred to as folk devils. Cohen explains further that the youth groups were explained in the atomic reactor media as bored, arrogant and they were portrayed as enjoying the situations in several British holiday resorts (Cohen, 2009).Cohen writes that mass medias role in the moral panic is massive. According to Cohen is manufactured news not uncommon, the mass media is both exaggerating and misleading. When reading this carry it feels like Cohen thinks that the mass media is guilty of both misreporting and disorienting the readers. He states that the media presentation or Inventory of the Mods and Rockers event is of import in determining the later stages of the reply (Cohen, 2009 p. 18). Therefore he was concerned that most of the media coverage was too stereotypical to be true (Cohen, 2009 p. 18). One mannequin of this is all the dance halls near the seafront were smashed when every local resident knows that there is only one dance hal l near the front (Cohen, 2009 p. 19).The methodologies that Cohen uses atomic number 18 interviews, observations and documentary sources. In 1965 interviews were held with the local community (e.g. shopkeepers and taxi drivers), people on holidays and editors of the newspapers. The documentary sources came from both local and national newspapers. The theory that Cohen uses throughout the book is the symbolical interactionism. He presents a number of theorists and their adaptations of the symbolic interactionism, such as the transactional approach to deviance (Becken), the primary and secondary deviance (Lemert), the deviancy amplification theory (Ditton) and the dramaturgical coincidence by Gottman. The two, to me, most outstanding theories atomic number 18 Beckens and Lemerts. The first one concentrates on media as a creator of labels that leads to an increased deviance. Cohen explains this as a vicious passel deviance leads to a public reaction and that creates more deviance a nd that leads to more public reaction. Lemert in his turn mean that the public reaction to the primary reaction might lead to a secondary, increased, deviance. Cohen puts weight on that primary deviance does not necessarily lead to secondary deviance (Cohen, 2009 p. ooo).The four aspects of the symbolic interactionism do all play a part in the different disaster phases in the Disaster Research. These phases are closely described in the book and are as follows 1. The Initial Problem in this case working class youth. 2. Excessive fringe delinquency the youth made their own fun because they did not have much else to do. 3. Social reaction the mass media starts to write about their behaviour. 4. Operation of control culture the police and the courts starts to get involved. 5. Increased deviance the social control leads to even more deviance. Cohen proves this theory in the book because when reading it you substructure clearly see the truth in it with help of the information that h e provides the reader.Folk Devils and Moral Panics is convincing and the majority of theories provided by it are good sociology because they are undoubtedly flexible and therefore it can be used on a number of different situations involving folk devils and moral panics. But, as stated in Mc Robbie and Thornton (1995) as the mass media expands more and more and there is not only journalists that can make their voices widely heard maybe folk devils are not going to be created as fast as before. immediately anyone can put their opinions out there and debate because of the development and spreading of internet. In a wider spectrum demonising might not occur as easily as before, because more individuals and groups can influence the process of judging and stereotyping (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995). In McRobbies and Thorntons more recent work of sociology they argue that Cohen acknowledges that social control is uneven and much less mechanistic than the model of deviancy amplification sug gests (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995 p. 561). They also state that it is now time that every stage in the process of constructing a moral panic, as well as the social relations which support it, should be revised (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995 p. 559). So perhaps this means that there is no more folk devils, at least not in groups We argue that folk devils are less marginalized than they once were they not only find themselves vociferously and articulately supported in the homogeneous mass media that castigates them, but their interests are also defended by their own niche and micro-media (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995 p. 559).I definitely think that this book is good sociological imagination because it links individuals to the more social societal situations and events. To use sociological imagination an ability to see the human relationship between private lives and society is important, as well as being critical and think one step further. I think that Cohen does exactly this. When the reasons behind the deviant behaviour of the Mods and Rockers are discussed, Cohen takes the history, both of the deviant youth and the British society overall, into account. Cohen explains the historical circumstances so that the sociology of media and deviance can easily be understood. In fact, he dedicated the entire fit chapter (6) to this.Cohen also presents several micro/macro studies, such as the Mods and Rockers in relation to the mass media and the societal situation in the coast cities that was cover in the media. Other examples, covered in this book, and looked on at from a micro versus macro perspective are Muslim terrorists, paedophiles, suspicious asylum seekers and hard young people, so called hoodies. These are all perceived as deviant in the media, they are also seen as deviant by the society (Cohen, 2009). In this way, this text clearly explains the links between micro and macro levels described in this book.Cohen is connecting personal troubles with social is sues in a very manageable way. C. Wright mill writes that so be able to completely understand the sociological imagination you need to be able to see both personal troubles and societal issues and the relationship between these troubles occur within the character of the individual (Mills, 1959 p. 8) and issues are a public matter (Mills, 1959 p. 8).This book is seen as a classic and important work of sociology because it is timeless. Cohen is focusing on the Mods and Rockers, but his thoughts and the sociological theories that he discusses can be applied to a range of different crimes, situations and panics in our society. Folk Devils and Moral Panics can for instance explain the controversy around more recent societal events such as the escalating immigration, the fear of terrorism and the growing Islamophobia after the terrorist attacks in 2001. Therefore, Cohen has indite a classic piece of sociology that it is original and probably not like many other sociological pieces becaus e of its width (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995 p. 561).The example of Mods and Rockers show us that stereotyping, prejudice and labelling often creates situations that are worse than the original situation. The argument is clearly that social control and social reaction strengthens deviance, like a vicious circle. The book allows us to see how media affects us and that is important. McRobbie and Thornton (1995) write that it will forever and a day be up to date because it is a study of deviance and mass media that will always be a part of any society.Referencing in the text Cohen?

Strategies for Social Change and their Results

Strategies for accessible Change and their ResultsIntroductionSocial convince as per Grant (2014) description is a concept thats more elusive in todays modern society. Furthermore, it has aspects that are inevitable, yet its dependant on the unhomogeneous individuals tropes of actions. As such, change has been embraced in todays society, yet some certain aspects indoors us play to resist such change. Political campaigns, movements inside the sociable domains, and strategies within the business context pay back been structured in consider to the various changes taking place (Yeates, 2002). This paper in respect to various change theories, and detail studies of social change strategies aims to identify the different strategies of social change and their impacts towards the society. Insights in respect to strategies formulated within the historical context of social change will be highlighted upon, in respect to the various communities and firms within the social domain.Cas e studies in respect to Kuhn, T. S. (2012) The structure of scientific revolutions Willis, Harman, (1988), Global perspicacity Change and W exclusivelyace, A. F., Fogelson, R. D. (1961) Culture and personality will be used in regards to comparing the various strategic social changes in respect to shifts in doubles and elaboration throughout the historical era. As such, concepts of heathen evolution and change in paradigms will be focused on this paper in respect to the social change aspect. As such, a broad view will be taken in respect to review of various literature journals, in respect to under(a)standing the cause of such changes and what the results of such changes entail.Strategies for Social Change conjure in ParadigmsIn respect to Kuhns study The Structure of Scientific Revolutions social change perspectives from recent history have been established in mall to the much talked about paradigm concept. Such a concept according to Edelman (2001) entails different conceptu al assumptions, whose character allows scholars to easily detach data, define problem solutions, and strain on the use of theories. As Kuhn (2012) further charges, paradigms within the era of scientific revolutions tend to inclusively encompassing, given over the attributes of life is only available for humans on orbiter earth. However, Grant (2014) notes that, the concept of paradigm under social change has its own distinctive character. Given its facts are illuminated through a set of instructions only it potful define. As such, Edelman (2001) described it as self-validating, this in respect to its change resistance constitution.Observations as made by Kuhn (2014) in his study indicate that paradigms will portray their dominance given its nature of defining solutions to problems and explaining the various phenomenas as they occur. However, theres a lot of doubt that loads up in regards to the ability of a paradigm when contradicting phenomenas arise. As such, Edelman (2001 ) and Gore (2000) on the same school of thought indicate that crisis normally arises in essence to inability aspect paradigms find themselves in when there are multiple anomalies. Views as offered by Kuhn (2012) have implied that theres no intellectual or linear progress in regards to science history. As such, visions tend to take a radical shift, given the scenario whereby anti-empirical and anti-rational factors take centre stage.The nature to which the case chosen dealt with science and the paradigm nature at that time, over-application of such a concept has been warned against. Given, as Gore (2000) notes, its a concept applied in the main under transition processes within the social domains. However, as further noted, it turns out to be of importance in cases regarding the various dimensions of change. As such, its reflection is highlighted on how paradigm as a concept is made use of globally. As mentioned within the cases study, Capra, a philosopher come physicist described paradigm as an aspect that entails practices, concepts, various perceptions and value which communities tend to lot in respect to having a common goal. Given such an explanation, its clearly evident of how communities tend to value the paradigm factor, given its sharing aspect within them. Whereby an individuals view bed be globally accepted, but a community will tend to share its view trough the platform s provided by the paradigm concept.Paradigm and the Concept of Social ChangeSuch a concept of paradigm as Kuhn (2012) discussed tends to portray the lengths as to which social change fag end hang on the balance in respect to personal views. However, Harman (1988) in his book Global Mind Change notes that, the various changes that have taken place in the society have all been subject to change of minds by individuals, contrary to the perceived notions of wars and domain laws. Given the intensity of change in mind amongst individuals, Bandura (2001) notes that its results tend t o occur in an instant. The nature of human beings will perceive foundation garments within the cultural context as not meaningful, given Bandura (2001) statement of such minority individuals being creative. But as Harman (1988) indicates in his book, various ways in which life can be conceived tend to occur, and its results tend to spread quickly to the surrounding populations.The discussion of Kuhn (2012) in respect to a butterflys metamorphosis, and the emergence of an imaginal disc can be characterized with the theory of normative-reeducative. Whereby as Edelman (2001) indicates, its whole conception is on how change is viewed, given it onset is from the bottom going up, and not the normal scenario of top all the way to the bottom. As such, change in minds is usually on a focus towards the creation of a social system.From such a perspective, the imaginal discs as discussed by Kuhn (2012) clearly define the anomalies within the shift of paradigms. Various changes within a system are rarely taken into consideration as such the simulation as developed by Kuhn (2012) fails to take note of such existent anomalies. In addition, the paradigm systems tend to be overwhelmed hence spick-and-span phase forms tend to appear from them. This aspect clearly indicates how new form of paradigm tend to develop from the old ones, the same case scenario with the explanation of imaginal discs as offered by Kuhn (2012). substitution of CulturesCulture and personality case study aspects as discussed by Wallace and Fogelson (1961), indicate that there are various descriptions of social change strategies that have been mentioned in within such contexts. From their observations, the processes of social change are initiated a diversion from the perspectives relating to cultural harmony, with individual stress coming up as one such form of change. Giddens (2013) in respect to the case of culture and personality indicate that there are a number of individuals who find it hard when i t comes to meeting expectations within the cultural domain. From the case study, Wallace and Fogelson (1961) are of the conceit that both the society and individuals perceive the lack of meeting cultural expectations as a problem that is developed individually. However, with the increased issue of such perceptions of deviation, the social fabrics according to Giddens (2013) have been weakened. As such, the issue of not meeting the various cultural expectations is being acknowledged by the society as no longer being an individual issue. Given such a state, the society has found it hard in terms of ensuring they go back to their symmetry state. From the case, Wallace and Fogelson (1961) indicate that societies need to undergo the revitalization process given there are various variables involved.Code formulation is one such variable as mentioned in the case, whereby individuals affected by the lack of meeting cultural expectations would formulate image ideas of a common goal culture . Such a goal culture as Wallace and Fogelson (1961) discuss entails contrasts attractive in nature in comparison to the latter situations. Communication is also another variable as mentioned by horse parsley (2004) in respect to the Culture and Personality case. In such a variable, formulators are involved in the process, whereby visions are effectively communicated to other individuals. Individuals who are generally impacted upon by stress are the ones targeted mostly within such a context. Adaptation is also another variable of strategy as mentioned within the case, whereby proposed visions tend to get the exposure required, as it experiences the necessary changes and growth. As per Walaace and Fogelson (1961) discussion, the latter vision as proposed portrays tendencies of being incomplete, given its practical details, they tend to undergo various accommodating changes to ensure they look more appealing. Furthermore, the original vision will also undergo various accommodating c hanges, to ensure theres accurate re-explanation in regards to the failed predictions of cultural expectations. Lastly, in respect to cultural transformations, Wallace and Fogelson (1961) in respect to their case indicate that if the cultural movements acquire the much needed support, then a shift to implementation from the aspect of communication is usually enabled. Giddens (2013) under the same context indicates that any delay in respect to establishment of the goal culture, the direct culture option can easily be embraced to ensure the vision as intended within a culture is achieved. As such, if success is achieved in its implementation, then individual stress as experienced is reduced dramatically in regards to either goal culture or transfer culture.Observations made by Wallace in respect to the case of Culture and personality indicate that the revitalization form as discussed in its thrust can take the form of innovation or reactionary state. Giddens (2013) identifies the as pects of reactionary entail a belied of problems can only be solved through hard and historical ways. As such, the changes that took place can easily be undone in regards to getting rid of the problem at hand. Furthermore, Giddens (2013) under the innovation mode indicates that it attempts to get hold of lagging in respect to culture. As such, the changes that would have taken place will be seen as unchangeable throughout the whole process.From the description as given from Wallace and Fogelson case, its clear that a shift to innovation, from the traditional innovative mode is seen as a parlance. As such, social change strategies take up movements and motions in respect to predictable laws. However, Bandura (2001) notes that such process of social change can be described as lurch and learn processes. Whereby, communities will lurch given new directions, where they would extract satisfaction better through aspects of work, unlike through activities regarding leisure.ConclusionFrom th e discussion of various social change strategies regarding shift in paradigms and replacings of culture, its clearly evident that there are varying results which come out from their use within the society. From the case studies of Kuhn (2012) and Harman (1988), change in mind and personal views play a critical role in regards to the various social changes that take place within a society. As such, results of such changes tend to occur instantly, given the nature of human beings in regards to innovation within the cultural context. Various ways in which life can be conceived tend to occur as from the analytic thinking given as well its results tend to spread quickly to the surrounding populations, clearly implying how such a paradigm shift strategy can have its effect on the society. Furthermore, the normative-reeducative approach was identify. Given the whole conception is on how change is viewed. A process of bottom going up was identified as being ideal in the use of such a soci al change strategy, unlike the normal scenario of top all the way to the bottom. As such, change in minds is identified as a focus towards the creation of a social system.In respect to the renewal of cultures, the case of Wallace and Fogelson (1961), culture and personality identified various social change strategies and their results. Variables such as code formulation, communication, adaptation and cultural transformation had a role to play in regards to social change. Aspects of idea formulation, effective communication of visions, exposure of visions to the public, and acquisition of the much needed support in regards to shift of implementation methods were all discussed, with most of their results being positive. As such, under the renewal of culture strategy, revitalization was identified as being that takes the reactionary mode was identified as the better strategy for social change. This is due to the fact that the satisfaction derived from such a mode is more appealing as c ompared to innovation under the concept of cultural renewal.Reference ListBandura, A 2001, Social cognitive theory An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26.Edelman, M 2001, Social movements changing paradigms and forms of politics. Annual look backward of Anthropology, 285-317.Giddens, A 2013, The third way The renewal of social democracy. John Wiley Sons.Gore, C 2000, The rise and fall of the Washington Consensus as a paradigm for developing countries. World development, 28(5), 789-804.Grant, J. A 2014, Strategies for Social Change. contemporaneous Sociology A Journal of Reviews, 43(6), 855-857.Harman, W. W 1988, Global mind change.Kuhn, T. S 2012, The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago press.Wallace, A. F., Fogelson, R. D 1961, Culture and personality. Biennial Review of Anthropology, 42-78.Yeates, N 2002, Globalization and Social Policy From Global Neoliberal Hegemony to Global Political Pluralism. Global Social Policy, 2(1), 69 -91.1

The Medieval Crusades: Launched to Spread Worship of Dionysus :: European Europe History

The Medieval Crusades Launched to Spread Worship of Dionysus Although it is a popular ideal that the crusades of the Elevenththrough Thirteenth Century Europe were launched to spread Christianity, itis a seldom realized fact that they were actu entirelyy launched to spread theworship of the Greek perfection Dionysus. season many fundamentalist radicals andeven some historians who ought to know better will dispute this,itis,nevertheless,true. During the Middle Ages in Europe,there were a series of ten sacredcrusades launched over a period of three centuries.It is commonly believedthat these were organized and carried out by Christian religious leaders tounite more territory infra the red and white flag of their cherishedreligion. The fact that accounts of the Crusades were recorded as they arein the history books is due to the overwhelming influence exerted by fanatic religious leaders on historians of the day.It is an unfortunatefact that little remains of the historical re presentations of what actuallyhappened. While the Church leaders of the day destroyed all written account of whoinitiated the ten Crusades and what really occurred in the course of thesereligious conquests,the true story of what happened survives to thisday.High in the mountainous terrain of Northern Turkey exists a commonwealth ofdedicated monks who,with their female counterparts,still engage in therituals of Dionysean worship,just as they have for centuries in theirmountaintop isolation. These are the chosen few who engage in the festivalsof uncontrolled drinking and the divided up group enjoyment of their femalemembers characterizing their worship of this fun-loving God.It is to thesefew that practice not the self-denial of the Christian Church,but ratherthe indulgent,free-spirited way of the Dionysean following that the truestory of the Crusades is known. While the historical accounts of the participants and the motives behindthe Crusades are inaccurate,they do correctly iden tify the routes taken bythe Crusaders.Their objective was to come up through Europe,eventuallyarriving in Turkey,staging festival by and by festival a unyielding their way,in muchthe same manner as the original followers of Dionysus did. Afterthat,however,they planned to return through what is now the SovietRepublics,so as to avoid angry festival-goers recovering from the illeffects of excessive alcohol consumption and various social diseasescontracted during the festivities.After the tenth Crusade,after numerousmilitary encounters with debate religious groups occupying variousterritories,they had arrived in Turkey. There,a tremendous celebration andpublic orgy was held,as this would be their final destination beforereturning home. Unfortunately,however,the group lingered too long and wasoverrun by unruly,hung-over citizens.The Dionysean companys chariots andwagons were burned,and they were forced to flee into the mountains of

Role Of Government Intervention In Environmental Issues :: essays research papers

Role of Government Intervention in Environmental IssuesIn environmental cases, a insurance policy framework is sometimes more effectivewhen there is less government intervention. As the level of governmentintervention diminishes, this allows more flexibility for corporations toachieve efficiency. Furthermore the traditional command and control approachhas turn out to be costly, bureaucratic and often inefficient.It is important to address the fact that there are numerous turn a remuneration that keisterbe achieved for both policy makers and industries, if a policy framework isbased on market forces. However it is important that there is a need for somegovernment intervention, but should be as minimum as possible.I have chosen to examine the article from the New York Times entitledRU.S. Seeking Options of Pollution RulesS. Although pollution is detrimental toour environment, you have to chance on into account that it is almost impossible toentirely prevent pollution. This is scientifically impossible and it would haveseverely negative economic impact on the industries. So the spirit issue becomesthe fact no matter what, there will always be pollution, as long as theseindustries exist. So we should focus on how we can minimize this and yet at thesame time have an efficient market system? Furthermore, we should also focus onhow we can accomplish this so that sustainable growth and development can takeplace. So there is definitely a need for some form of government interventionto utilize and monitor this. Reason being that there is always an element ofequality that has to be enforced, when dealing with cases such as this. Forinstance, larger corporations may have an emolument over smaller corporation,since they have stronger influence on politicians and lobbyists. So thegovernmentUs role should be to ensure that all industries (regardless sizeand/or power) have equal opportunities to benefit from this type of approach.In another words, the government sh ould simply be a RwatchdogS. Governmentshould monitor so that the distribution and transaction of the permits are donein an appropriate manner.The case of Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Corporation is a classicexample of tradable permit approach. Under this model corporations are able tobuy, sell and parcel out permits that legally allows emission. Many economists havefavored this approach because this also provides incentives for technicalimprovement. So the aggregate effect would be that most industries would try tomaximize their profits by trying to come up with new techniques to reduce thelevel of emission. This in turn would allow them to reduce the cost that theywould have to pay from polluting. average Miller also endorses this approach by