Research Essay

â€Å"Reading is neither neutral, nor natural. † How does your context as a reader influence your reading of The Dreamers? Reading is neither neutral, nor natural. Readers are constantly positioned to make their own ideas and opinions of different texts based on their own understand and connecting of their personal context. In Jack Davis’ The Dreamers the descriptions of the tribal family in the first scene provide a strong, central reading that while I would accept, the earlier generations from those times would challenge the mutual reading of the harmonious tribal family.The different generations of past and present times would also have many contrasting views on particular characters such as Worru. Additionally, the study of past texts, such as The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and Coonardoo by Katherine Suzanne Prichard, allows me to comprehend the meaning behind the symbol of alcohol in The Dreamers and how it is a representation of escapism for people in d egrading ways of society.In the beginning of The Dreamers by Jack Davis, we are described a scene of a tribal family walking, relaxed, across an escarpment with children happily singing songs of cultural meaning, relaying their innocence and happy family-based futures: â€Å"Dawn. We hear the distant echoing of children singing a tribal song. A tribal family walks slowly across the escarpment silhouetted against the first light of dawn. The central, prominent reading brought forward by Davis’ descriptions and symbolism of the melodious, peaceful tribal family is one I accept because of Davis’ way of showing the harmonious nature of the aboriginal culture and way in their environment, in the world they know. However, the white generations of the 1980s would contrast and challenge this communal reading because of their own racial attitudes and beliefs of Aboriginals.To the whites of the 1980s, Aboriginals were filthy and worthless individuals and therefore the white soc iety audiences were unable to cope with and respect the cultural identity and way of life of Aboriginals. These confrontational views of The Dreamers show how reading is not neutral. Every generation is different, therefore they all respond to particular readings inversely due to their own personal context. This reinforces that reading is not neutral.Worru is a character in The Dreamers who is exceedingly diverse from the members of his family. Worru is the representation of Davis’ views of his own complicated culture and aboriginal context. Worru is desperately trying to hold onto his Nyoongah (aboriginal) culture that within him has ‘survived civilisation’ through reminiscing about life before white settlement and his language: â€Å"I walked down the track to where the camp place used to be and voices, laughing, singing, came surging back to me. In Act One Scene One, Worru sings of his past, something that is all but real now that he is going through a lost a s a result of living in a suburbia-dominated world. Through the study of Coonardoo by Katherine Suzanne Prichard, I am able to see that the aboriginal generational views would be ones of sympathy and empathetic understanding, as aboriginals would be able to relate heavily with Worru, knowing just how much they lost because of the dramatic change in the way they wanted to live.On the contrary, a white audience of the same era wouldn’t be able to understand how aboriginals couldn’t adapt to such a â€Å"easy† lifestyle, and be unable to connect to the Aboriginal background and estrangement of their race. Readers who have read more texts than most are able to see and understand how changed contexts but parallel themes are cooperative in identifying symbols. Through my reading The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and The Dreamers has allowed me to understand the symbol of alcohol and its meaning of escapism in both plays respectively.Tom Wingfield from The Glas s Menagerie drinks constantly, trying to escape the horrors of the Great Depression in America. He drinks to forget his issues and withdraw from a pitiful reality. This reading allows me to understand the reasoning behind why, in The Dreamers, Worru, Peter, Eli and Roy all drink constantly – using money needed for food and other essentials: â€Å"The full bottle is now nearly empty. The heat and the alcohol are taking their toll. † The characters drink alcohol to also escape from the cultural oppression of white society and the failing ways of aboriginal life.They see alcohol as the only way to forget what has been done to them, as it is an influential depressant, and using it to disengage from a reality that would see the complete deprivation of the aboriginal way – a way they cherish. An informed reading is not something that just comes naturally, it must be taught and learnt over the reading of numerous texts, therefore reading is not natural. In Conclusion, readings are mostly advanced through a readers own individual context and experiences.My interpretations on a tribal aboriginal family were analogized by the white generations of the 1980s view on aboriginals, establishing that reading is not neutral. The diverse generational views formed unlike perspectives on who would sympathise with the hostility of the aboriginal race, my own background through the study of the other texts Coonardoo, The Dreamers and The Glass Menagerie has given me a purer understanding of how alcohol embodies escapism for people in contemporary society. All these factors have established my view that reading is neither neutral, nor natural.

Marketing Strategy of Beeline Essay

INTRODUCTION GTEL Corporation and VimpelCom penetrated in Vietnamese telecommunication market in 8th July 2008 under the brand name Beeline VN to provide GSM/EDGE voice and data services to cover all Vietnam with over 86million people. Until now, Beeline wants to select more strategies in order to achieve their objective which is growing their market share to 30% like the three giants: Mobilephone, Vinaphone and Viettel. From the last study, IBD strategic counseling center have identified and analyzed Beeline’s strategy as well as the position of the company in Vietnamese market. Furthermore, some suggestions for improving were also given. This report, hence, will evaluate every possible strategy for Beeline in many aspects as well as propose a  plan for the most appropriate future strategies. MAJOR FINDINGS I. Possible alternative strategies for Beeline 1. Identify possible strategies. According to the last study, Beeline’s position in the BCG matrix is question mark due to the high growth rate of the industry while the market share of Beeline is relatively low (only 4%). Moreover, in the product life cycle, Beeline has launched and introduced their services not for long. As a result, for three others stages in the product life cycle (growth, mature and decline), Beeline can implement most of the substantive growth, limited growth and retrenchment strategies. In order to identify those strategies, the most effective tool is Space matrix. Figure 1. BCG matrix Figure 2. Product life cycle a. Environmental stability By using the information from the external environment, we can identify as well as score the options in this factor. First of all, telecommunication market in Vietnam especially mobile network services has recently rocketed significantly. From the limited network until now, most of the places in Vietnam are coverage by applying many new technologies and liquidate the outdated one (GSM/EDGE, IP utilizing the NGN technology with frequency band of 1800MHz) so as Beeline will not be lagged behind by the three giants. Secondly, according to many economists, the inflation rate of Vietnam is still a double digit (14%) and it is considered as really high compared to other developing country (in 1 digit). Now, the Vietnamese government is using ceiling and floor price as well as tariffs to modulate the inflation rate back to one digit. Furthermore, at the beginning, Beeline launched the most extraordinary cheap services (Big zero) to market while other three giants’ price is much higher than Beeline. Therefore, the price range of Beeline with the average price of the industry is really high. Nevertheless, the last thing belongs to the environmental stability is barrier to entry into the market. From the political factor in the previous study, Vietnamese government is encouraging investments from oversea to increase the FDI  (Foreign direct investment), so that the tariffs and policy are absolutely motivating every foreign business like Beeline. Moreover, telecommunication is the most vital service in the modern world and this is also an industry which gains the most attention from the politician. As a result, besides high initial investment, the barrier to entry of this industry can be scored 4. b. Financial strength Financial strength is a strong point of Beeline. According to the annual report of Beeline, the return on investment rate of Beeline remains in 4.2%for each billion of dollars invested after payback. Besides, the profitability ratio of Beeline always stands above 50% (50.4%) and nearly equal to Mobilephone (53%). In another aspect, Beeline has 16years of history in the telecommunication market which means Beeline has experience in the current market. Until now, Beeline has provided 86 million mobile subscribers in total and it is till increasing while the price of services become cheaper and cheaper. Thus, they are able to have a large economy of scale. If there is a potential plan, Beeline will not hesitate to invest because they have the capital required for most of the plan by extracting a part in the total revenue of $2.27 and from the huge capital of Beeline. In the future, Beeline can maintain this strength to obtain their objectives especially updating new technology. c. Industry strength In this aspect, we can concern on three main factors: Financial stability, resource utilization and capital intensity. Firstly, the demand of using telecommunication services is always stable in most of the time, so that the revenue and financial status of this industry will always in a stable position. In the modern world, telecommunication is no longer a demand but a need of every citizen in the world. Thus, 6 will be the score for this option. On the other hand, the utilization of resources can also be taken full advantages by every business not only capital but also human resources (think global, act local). For instance, Beeline hired a professional force from both oversea (Mr. Alexey Blyumin, CEO) and Vietnam (Mr. Nguyen The Binh, Deputy CEO) to administrate the company in Vietnamese market. From the professional force, they will propose the best way of utilizing the financial resource in the most economical way. Last but not least, Beeline  is a foreign group with a huge amount of capital available. Consequently, the capital intensity of Beeline deserves to receive the highest score. d. Competitive advantage As aforementioned, Beeline has the capacity of providing services for more than 86 million people which is equal to the population of Vietnam while other three giants are in the process of signal coverage for the whole country. For Beeline, this objective will be obtained more easily than competitors (5years while others may take 10 years). From the statistic above, Beeline market share at the moment remain in 4% which is not high compared to the three giants. However, the service of Beeline quality is quite acceptable according to the opinion of the students who are the target customers of Beeline. Moreover, the time for Beeline to launch a new service is quite short (about 3 months) whereas Viettel or Mobilephone takes 6 months or a whole year to release a new service (3G). To sum up, the whole information and analysis will be shown in the table below to identify the position of Beeline in Space matrix. Diagram 1. Space matrix of Beeline When Beeline takes market penetration into consideration, they should invest more on PR and marketing campaign to create awareness and reputation in the public. Moreover, improving after sales service will help Beeline gain customer loyalty for repeat purchasing. For market development, Beeline may find some other potential market in Vietnam especially in the rural areas but the living standard of the citizens at that place is at medium level (Dien Bien, Sapa, Tam Dao, etc). This strategy can be apply easily thanks to  the development of technology, so that Beeline just have to concern about human resource or others factors. However, Beeline still have to use other strategies as well at the rural area to compete with Viettel who have coverage most of the places in Vietnam. Next, product development strategy is about focusing on R&D. Beeline needs to create the new product line or add more value to the services like packaging, online counseling, etc. However, no matter what they do, they have to assemble to maintain their corporate image, their style (black and yellow) during the campaign. Finally, diversification will be the last secret weapon in the aggressive strategies. Specifically, Beeline can use forward , backward integration and horizontal integration like building more agencies throughout Vietnam or even providing mobile phone and internet, wireless, etc with the attractive price like Viettel sell Iphone 3, internet network Dcom 3G. Invest more on new technology| v| v| x| x| 13| 3rd | Table 3. Ranking and scoring From the table, it is noticeably that there are some tactics have the same score. Thus, it is depend on the manage board to decide which activities should do first or they need to have a strategic allocation of capital to do these activities simultaneously (find the critical path). If Beeline allocates the resource as well as schedule in the most effective way, they will not only minimize but also increase their profit and market share. The first thing they have to do is all about people. Hiring the right people is the most important for all business because it is the people who create the product, seek for customer and bring back profit for the company. This activity will lead to a good result of other activities of Beeline. That’s why, they hired a professional Vietnamese person to be the vice deputy of Beeline. It is obviously that when you do nothing, you gain nothing but sometimes during the economist crisis, do nothing is a good strategy unless the cost of doing nothing lower than making a new plan. II. Strategic plan of the most appropriate strategies for Beeline 1. Select the final strategies: At the end of the day, after analyzed and evaluated every available strategy, IBD agency will propose Beeline to apply market penetration and product development. Others strategies like market development or diversification are slightly risky according to some internal stakeholders. Moreover, the three giants have successfully applied market development and if Beeline do so, it is really hard to compete because even Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City which are the most potential market of Vietnam, Beeline have to endeavor to survive. For diversification, this kind of services play a role as a contributor only and most of the telecommunication company create their own supply, so that Beeline could hardly to do so. Making a new product seems to  be hard for Beeline because they have to maintain their style and corporate image. Thus, just do what you are best. At the moment, there are some strategies which is work for Beeline like Cost leadership or differentiation (for different services). However, when Beeline success like Viettel, cost leadership will not necessary like Viettel in the past, they launch out many cheap services but now it rarely has new promotion. 2. Strategic plan Implementation is most difficult part which every company faces. Making a plan is easy but when they implement it, they will face many unexpected problem like physical risks (an manager may got an accident, etc) or business risks, financial risks, natural risks, etc. As a result, there need to be a detail plan and closely control system. This plan will be taken charged by the management board as well as every departments of the company. a. Management board Management board is the head of the company, so that Beeline needs to hire a professional person to take charge this position. First of all, the senior manager have to make a clear vision and mission as well as objectives for every department to explain deeply for them to work in the right direction. This is called envisioning. Apart from that, controlling and encouraging will ensure every department especially Marketing and Financial Department support each other and the manager also have to support them not only for professional issues but also ratify their plan. By recognizing contribution with fair wages and salaries, Beeline’s manager will not only motivate them for increasing productivity but also gaining their respect. Last but not least, in order to implement well, Beeline need to apply both intended (deliberate) and emergent (realize) strategies because by doing so, they will not only have clear and reality mission from the information gather from functional department but other department also have a clear mind about their mission to implement the strategy. For the managers, by creating the responsibility charts will help Beeline manager have a clear and logistic plan. A clear objectives, sub-objectives, general program and make an assumption will set a mile stone for the employees to achieve and also make a competitive environment when the manager utilize with his/her motivation program. b. Departments Working as a team is not about in a inside but also among departments together. Marketing department will take charge of making plan to build reputation and promote the profit of Beeline. However, Beeline cannot use all of their money for advertising. This is the time for financial department, the CFO (Chief Financial Officer) will calculate the cost of advertising and ask the CMO (Chief Marketing Officer) to adjust the plan to match with the budget of the company. However, in order to have such a professional labor to do so, the Human resource department has to ask other department for their demanded labor. Base on that, the manager of HR department will seek and find the right person for that position especially the labor force for PR activities. There are others department which Beeline needs to concern but as a telecommunication provider, those three departments are the most important. c. Allocate resources As a contributor of mobile network, the human resource of Beeline need to be allocate most in the sales department while other professional one will place in the vital position (manager, team leaders). Moreover, Beeline also needs to contribute the services fairly between the southern and northern of Vietnam so as not face the overload problem in one territory. About financial issue, minimize expense by hiring the local people and maximize the profit because the local people know their customers best. Moreover, always checking the budget will help Beeline have a timely adjustment. All of the resource are available in the society both HR (in the society or university) and financial (bank, issuing share, etc). When Beeline become the one of the heavenly king of Vietnamese telecommunications market, they can have another network system to allocate the resource not only the urban areas but also the entire country. CONCLUSION This report has made a comprehensive evaluation of many strategies available for beeline. However, the most effective strategies which Beeline needs to take into consideration are market penetration and product development. Furthermore, not only the management board of Beeline must envision but also make sure every department support and working together as a team. REFERENCES * Product life cycle: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product-life-cycle.html * Beeline VN information: * http://beeline.vn/vn/pages/news.aspx?id=72 * http://www.maivoo.com/2011/03/29/Suc-tang-truong-cua-thi-truong-vien-thong-manh-tro-lai-n324141.html * http://en.beeline.vn/en/pages/content.aspx?id=100 * http://ebrandium.com/thu-vien/marketing/mot-chien-luoc-tiep-thi-toan-dien-case-beeline-vietnam.html * http://vccinews.vn/?page=detail&folder=96&Id=276 http://vnexpress.net/gl/kinh-doanh/2009/08/3ba11ea3/ * Secondary data: * BPP Professional Education, 2004, Business Strategy, London: BPP Professional Education * BPP Professional Education, 2004, Business Environment, London: BPP Professional Education * Duc, Nguyen Anh (2010), â€Å"Marketing research of transmission and recommendations for VIETTEL† NEU’s MBA course. * Tuan, Doan Anh (2010), â€Å"Developing the services of Hanoi telecommunication company†, NEU’s MBA course. * General Statistic Office, 2011. Social – economic in 2010 [Online] Available at: http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=621&ItemID=10835 [Access: April 11, 2011] * Scribd.com, 2010. Beeline Vietnam marketing strategy [Online] http://www.scribd.com/doc/28790390/chi%E1%BA%BFn-l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c-markeeting-c%E1%BB%A7a-beeline * Binh, Vu Quoc (2011) â€Å"Bà ¡o cà ¡o vá »  tà ¬nh hà ¬nh và   nhá » ¯ng vá º ¥n Ä‘á »  Ä‘á º ·t ra trong phà ¡t triá »Æ'n kinh tá º ¿ xà £ há »â„¢i cá » §a thá » § Ä‘Ã ´ Hà   Ná »â„¢i và   cá º £ nÆ °Ã¡ »â€ºc nhá » ¯ng thà ¡ng Ä‘á º §u nÄÆ'm 2011; nhá » ¯ng kiá º ¿n nghá »â€¹, giá º £i phà ¡p† Hanoi researching socio-economic development study published. * Cuong, Vu Huy (2011) â€Å"Business strategy assignment 1† * Beeline strategies:

Otoacoustic Emission In Nihl Health And Social Care Essay

Noise and noise induced hearing loss is job of immense magnitude in the Armed forces all over the universe. The forces of the ground forces, navy and the air force are exposed to really high strength noise produced as a consequence of the arms that they use, the mechanical conveyance, aircraft and ships that they use. The nature of their business exposes them to resound degrees that can endanger their hearing. The members of Armed Forces and para-military organisations are exposed to a combination of steady province noise and impulse noise of really high strengths and their unprotected ears are vulnerable to extensive hearing harm. In armed forces, forces functioning in certain subdivisions and trades are more vulnerable. In the ground forces, those functioning in the foot, heavy weapon, armoured corps and corps of applied scientists are at high hazard of developing NIHL. In the air force pilots, air animal trainers and air trade care forces are at high hazard. Similarly in the naval forces, engine room crewmans, gunnery crew, air trade bearer forces, frogmans and submariners are at high hazard of developing NIHL due to the nature of their occupations [ 55 ] . Kessar, in an audiometric study on heavy weapon forces of Indian Armed forces reported that 50.8 % heavy weapon forces had changing grades of NIHL compared to 14.1 % of controls [ 56 ] . In the same survey 86.5 % gunnery crew with more than 10years of service had moderate to severe NIHL. Raiet Al reported that 85.5 % naval gunnery crew evaluated audiometrically had NIHL [ 57 ] . In another survey noise degrees of 120 dubniums were recorded in the engine suites of naval ships and 78 % of engine room forces were found to hold NIHL of changing grades. Pawa KL, Singh VK and Venkatesh MD reported an extended study of noise degrees on board Indian Naval ships and recorded an norm of 105 dubniums noise degrees in engine suites and besides reported that 70 % of the engine room crewmans evaluated were found to hol d NIHL [ 58 ] . The badness of hearing loss increased linearly with length of service. Theyobserved increased exposure of frogmans to audiovestibular disfunction and noise is one the major subscribers to hearing loss in frogmans and submariners. An audiometric study of Indian Air Force forces revealed an overall prevalence of 22.9 % of NIHL [ 59 ] . Clinical characteristics of NIHL are frequently identical from other causes of SNHL. The diagnosing is based on elaborate history, physical scrutiny and appropriate audiometric rating. It is stressed that the diagnosing of NIHL is circumstantial and would necessitate a careful elaborate occupational history, household history and history sing recreational exposure to resound. From a medicolegal facet guidelines have been defined to help in ‘labeling a instance ‘ as NIHL [ 60 ] . Another facet to maintain in head is that the people who are susceptible to NIHL can besides endure from other otological diseases like CSOM, Meniere ‘s disease, otosclerosis, familial hearing loss etc and therefore all attempts at naming these conditions should be made before imputing the hearing loss to inordinate noise exposure. In a big series of NIHL in Ontario, 5 % of the survey group had other ear diseases as major cause for their hearing loss [ 61 ] . Any history, physical marks or a udiometric findings suggestive of cochlear or retro-cochlear hearing loss in a patient will necessitate extended rating to get at a diagnosing. However, with a good history, physical scrutiny and a pure tone audiogram, it is possible to get at a diagnosing of NIHL and besides arrive at a decision that the hearing loss is attributable to resound [ 2 ] . NIHL and acoustic injury are constantly associated with tinnitus which is frequently raging. Many patients of chronic NIHL will hold tinnitus as their chief ailment.Audiometric ConfigurationThe 4 KHz notch is frequently considered a typical audiometric characteristic in NIHL regardless of the frequence scope of the noise beginning. However, more frequently than non, the so called 4 KHz notch occurs in the scope of 3-6 KHz. [ 20 ] ( Fig. 10.12 and 10.13 ) . The most plausible account for the 4 KHz notch in pure tone audiogram is the resonance features of ear canal to sounds of different frequences with maximum harm happening one octave above the Centre of frequence scope of the noise. The wide set industrial noise is concentrated at 3 KHz due to peculiar anatomical constellation of EAC and hence maximum harm occurs in 4 KHz country of cochlea. It needs to be kept in head nevertheless that the absence of a notch does non except the diagnosing of NIHL [ 20 ] . Though NIHL is frequently described as bilateral and symmetrical, asymmetrical hearing losingss is non uncommon. In one survey 15 % of patients of NIHL had asymmetrical hearing loss. This may be because of other ear diseases, asymmetrical noise exposure or sometimes non interpretable [ 62 ] . Pure tone audiology forms the footing of diagnosing and for compensation intents in NIHL. International standard 1999 ( ISO ) , has formulated guidelines for finding whether an audiogram conforms to the parametric quantities of NIHL. Electric response audiology may be of great aid in observing overdone hearing loss in compensatory claims. All other supra- threshold trial s and speech audiology in NIHL would demo characteristics of cochlear hearing loss.Otoacoustic Emission ( OAE ) in NIHLThe measuring Otoacoustic emanation ( OAE ) has become a simpler, non-invasive and nonsubjective tool to mensurate OHCs map, the primary mark cell in NIHL. Both TAOAE and DPOAE have been studied in acoustic injury and NIHL. Some studies suggest that the amplitude of OAE lessenings even before there is noticeable pure tone threshold displacement in noise injury [ 63 ] . Early NIHL is characterized by unnatural OAE constellation corroborating some cochlear disfunction or harm with normal or near normal pure tone audiograms [ 64 ] . This has an of import bearing in the early diagnosing of NIHL and can even be utilized to observe single susceptibleness to NIHL [ 65 ] . The multiple advantages of OAEs are that they are extremely sensitive, site specific, nonsubjective and speedy to analyze and hence are ideal tools for supervising NIHL. DPOAEs are particularly well-suite d for monitoring as the frequence scope of analysis extends beyond 8 KHz, which is good beyond the 3-6 KHZ scope affected by NIHL. Therefore with a good DP gm one can confidently predict whether the hearing loss is due to resound exposure or non [ 66 ] ( Fig. 10.14 & A ; 10.15 ) . OAE analysis is a really sensitive index for presence or absence of hearing over 35-40 dubniums and can be a really helpful testing tool for observing NIHL and exaggerated hearing loss.Newer Research Trends in NIHLSome exciting research trends that offer more insight into basic pathophysiology of NIHL and possible development of newer curative schemes are: ( a ) Hair cell regeneration ( B ) Genetic and molecular footing for NIHL ( degree Celsius ) † Toughening † or â€Å" preparation † protocols by pre-exposure to low strength sounds anterior to exposure to high strength noise. ( vitamin D ) Antioxidant therapy for NIHL and acoustic injury It is now an established fact that avian hair cells can renew undermentioned harm due to resound and ototoxic drugs [ 67 ] . Similar surveies on neonatal biddies have shown that hair cell regeneration occurs from back uping cells under the influence of acoustic harm [ 68 ] . A more recent mammalian survey has shown the ability of mammalian cochlea to renew hair cells following ototoxic harm [ 69 ] . The function of growing factors is being evaluated in act uponing this regeneration [ 70 ] .Recent research besides demonstrated the functional capableness of such regeneration [ 71 ] . Further research in this way appears rather promising and offers a possible healing intervention of noise and drug induced hearing loss. Antioxidants in the intervention of noise injury have been used with good consequences in the ague puting [ 22, 72, 73 ] . Clinical tests to formalize their usage are awaited. The function of â€Å" conditioning † or ‘toughening † of the ear by anterior exposure to low strength noise before exposure to damaging noise has been tried and carnal theoretical accounts have shown singular protection of interior ear hair cells, presumptively by increasing anti-oxidant degrees [ 74 ] . Though they have shown great promise in inventing newer remedy and preventative protocols against NIHL, they have limited practical applications at nowadays. Attempts are on to happen out if there are familial factors in the susceptibleness to NIHL. It has been seen that some strains of inbred mice are more susceptible to NIHL than others. Scientists are seeking to insulate a NIHL cistron to a chromosomal venue. Recently a recessionary cistron ( ALI ) that is responsible for premature age-related hearing loss has been shown to be related to inordinate susceptibleness to NIHL [ 75 ] . If such familial linkage can be established in human existences it opens up new views for testing for susceptibleness for NIHL and possible intervention of NIHL.Non Auditory Effects of NoiseA big figure of non- audile effects of NIHL that adversely affect the wellness of an person have been described. Important nonspecific effects of NIHL are intervention with communicating, hapless efficiency and work end product, crossness and irritation, perturbation of slumber and remainder and early fatigability. Some major systemic unwellnesss like high blood pressure, peptic ulcers, emotional agitation and mental unwellnesss have associated with NIHL. However, there is limited grounds to back up these associations.Treatment of NIHLAs is true for all types of sensorineural hearing losingss, NIHL unluckily can non be cured but it likely is the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss all over the universe. The pronouncement â€Å" Prevention is better than remedy † holds true in NIHL and preventative steps and personal hearing defenders are discussed later. As with any disease, where the pathogenesis is multifactorial, multiple intervention modes have been tried for NIHL with varying and at times conflicting consequences. Most intercessions would look to work for acute jobs like acute acoustic injury and NITTS where published literature abounds. However, the job is compounded by the greatly varied rates of self-generated declaration. The function of hyperbaric O therapy ( HBOT ) has been evaluated and reported of benefit if commenced early [ 76 ] . The function of HBOT in acute acoustic injury is better studied and recommended where executable [ 77 ] . Some studies of acoustic injury being treated with a mixture of 10 % carbondioxide and 90 % O ( Carbogen ) are available in the literature. It is suggested that the vasodilatory consequence of carbogen prevents or reduces noise induced PTS following acoustic injuries [ 78 ] . The writers in their personal experience of handling acute acoustic injury with carbogen have found it utile in re stricting the hearing loss. The function of accessory Vit E with Carbogen has shown to hold benefit in NITTS [ 73 ] . The fact that Magnesium can perforate the hematocochlear barrier and its comparative deficiency of side effects have led to research in istusease for acute acoustic injury with encouraging consequences [ 79 ] . The function of steroids have been investigated in NIHL besides. As with the intervention of sudden SNHL, intratympanic steroids appear to cut down outer hair snake pit loss in rats exposed to acute noise [ 80 ] . There is deficiency of conclusive grounds in the clinical use of intratympanic steroids though a recent study has shown good consequences [ 81 ] . Recent research has hovered in researching anti-oxidants to cut down the abuse to cochlea with promoting carnal surveies [ 72 ] . For more lasting threshold jobs, most intercessions do non demo any benefit and rehabilitation with hearing AIDSs is an first-class option in bettering the communicating position of people enduring from NIHL. Advanced digital and programmable hearing AIDSs offer really good quality of hearing betterment and should be liberally prescribed.NIHL- Magnitude of job in developing statesNoise pollution is a planetary job of great magnitude and NIHL is possibly the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss. In developed states it is the biggest compensatable occupational jeopardy and histories for about one tierce of all individuals enduring from hearing damage. Most of the developed states are bit by bit conveying noise under control. However in developing states the industrial and urban societal noise is on the rise and is doing serious environmental noise pollution. The hazard of NIHL from societal noise is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for immature people i n most underdeveloped states. This is due to rapid industrialisation, unchecked proliferation of cars particularly two Wheelers and autorickshaws with two shot engines. In many developing states there is a deficiency of statute law against noise pollution and, when nowadays, these Torahs are ill implemented. Therefore bar of occupational and environmental noise pollution must take top precedence in public wellness direction. Some of the studies from developing states of South Asia and South East Asia sing urban societal noise and its deductions are dismaying [ 82 ] . In Pakistan unchecked urbanisation has increased the noise degrees in metropoliss like Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. Road traffic particularly autorickshaws which do non hold silencers produce noise degrees up to 100 -110 dubnium. The mean ambient noise degree in the busy streets of Karachi was found to be above 90 dubnium. There is a high incidence of NIHL in the major industries of Pakistan particularly textile Millss and sheet metal industries. Though statute law against noise pollution and hearing preservation exists, it is ill implemented. In India thorough statute law for allowable ambient noise degrees in assorted countries, work topographic point noise criterions and noise criterions for motor vehicles exist but there is serious deficiency of execution [ Tables 10.25, 10.26, 10.27 ] . Traffic noise in busy intersections of larger metropoliss frequently reaches 100 dubnium. There is increasing incidence of NIHL in a big population that is at hazard. In a survey carried out in the metropolis of Pune in 2000 by the Department of ENT, Armed Forces Medical College revealed a traffic noise between 87-97 dubnium in busy intersections of the metropolis [ 83 ] . An audiometric study carried out by Singh VK, Mehta AK of 421 traffic police officers the metropolis of Pune, showed that 81.3 % of them showed some grade of NIHL and badness of NIHL increased linearly with length of service. In the same survey 225 autorikshaw drivers who are routinely exposed to loud traffic noise were besides audiometrically reviewed and 81.1 % of them were found to hold NIHL [ 84 ] . In a similar survey conducted on traffic police officers in 2000, 74.3 % of 207 police officers were found to hold NIHL of changing grades [ 83 ] . Thus sociacusis is going a major job in developing states and the job needs to be tackled on war terms.Damage hazard standardsHazard of NIHL has been found to hold a definite relationship between strength of sound and continuance of exposure. Burns and Robinson [ 86 ] brought forth the construct of equal energy which suggests that lasting harm to hearing is related to entire sound energy which is merchandise of strength of sound in assumed name and continuance of exposure. They assumed that equal sum of energy causes equal hearing loss and concluded after extended research that the equal energy construct could be applied to finding day-to-day safe degrees of strength and exposure continuance to assorted noises. This translates into 8 hours day-to-day exposure to 90dB ambient noise and for every addit ion of 3 dubnium, the continuance of exposure is halved. For e.g. a 93 dubnium noise degree will allow merely 4 hours of exposure. This is the recognized norm in most European states. There is a suggestion that if the noise exposure is intermittent as in most industries, the ear has clip to retrieve from noise injury and hence a 4 dubnium halving and doubling is more suited [ 11 ] . In the United States of America a 5 dubnium halving and doubling has been suggested by CHABA ( Committee on hearing, Bioacoustics and Biomechanics ) in mid 60 ‘s. OSHA ( US occupational safety and hearing criterions ) permits a 5 dubnium halving and doubling of exposure and the criterion is known as LOSHA and the European criterion of 3 dubnium doubling and halving is known as Leq ( Table 10.28 ) . 90dBA has been universally accepted as safe strength of exposure up to 8 hours but there is instance for cut downing this bound to 85 dubnium and to originate hearing preservation programme from 85 assum ed names flat [ 85 ] . These criterions can merely be adapted for steady province uninterrupted noise. Appropriate criterions for impact noise are non universally available.Hearing preservation ProgrammeNoise is the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss and with of all time increasing degrees of noise in all walks of life NIHL has attained a planetary importance. NIHL can non be cured with the current province of medical cognition. However it can be reduced and minimized, if non wholly prevented, by effectual hearing preservation programme. An effectual hearing preservation programme is a multi-disciplinary attempt necessitating enforceable statute law from the authoritiess, managerial engagement, technology and medical engagement. Alberti has suggested an ideal hearing preservation programme for occupational hearing loss that has eight stages [ 2 ] : ( a ) Noise jeopardy designation ( B ) Technology controls ( degree Celsius ) Personal hearing protection ( vitamin D ) Monitoring audiometry ( vitamin E ) Record maintaining ( degree Fahrenheit ) Health instruction ( g ) Enforcement ( H ) Programme rating Hazardous noise degrees in the industry and work topographic point can be identified with preciseness sound degree metres. Periodic sound degree monitoring over moderately long periods to place potentially risky work topographic point environment and effectual technology controls to cut down the degree of noise by alteration in the engineering or replacing or redesigning of machinery and other technology intercessions to cut down the noise degrees. Administrative controls like rigorous enforcement of prescribed clip of exposure depending on the sound degrees, proviso of less noisy work environment and effectual and periodic wellness instruction of workers sing bar of NIHL. However personal hearing defenders are most critical for bar of NIHL. A big assortment of personal hearing defenders like ear stoppers, ear muffs and canal caps are available with changing grades of fading. The most of import facet of personal hearing defenders is the regularity of usage. Unless the workers use the m on a regular basis, they will be of no usage. Therefore, it is most indispensable to educate the workers. The most of import facet of taking a hearing defender device is worker comfort and the assurance of the worker utilizing it [ 88, 89 ] . The usage of single audiodosimeters are besides of importance in particular fortunes when it is required to measure the cumulative noise exposure of a individual exposed noise. The logging dosemeter integrates sound force per unit area over clip and a day-to-day noise degree with regard to current 90 dB/8hours per twenty-four hours exposure [ 14 ] . Hearing showing is besides a really of import measure in bar of occupational hearing loss. The map of hearing showing is to place those workers with hearing loss, place those whose hearing shows declining and to measure the effectivity of hearing testing programme [ 2 ] . Therefore periodic audiometric appraisal of workers at hazard is of paramount importance for early sensing of NIHL. Any alteration of 10 dubnium or greater in any frequence or an mean alteration of 10 dubnium or more in all frequences warrants a audience with ENT man for farther rating. The importance of record maintaining and periodic regular wellness instruction of workers about the hurtful effects of noise and utilize personal hearing defenders can non be ignored in any hearing preservation programme. In developing states, bar of NIHL must be taken as a serious public wellness job and appropriate stairss demands to be taken on a precedence footing at the national degree. A WHO study suggests following steps in this respect [ 86 ] : ( a ) National programme for bar of noise-induced hearing loss should be established in all states and integrated with primary wellness attention. This should include environmental and medical surveillance, noise decrease, effectual statute law, review, enforcement, wellness publicity and instruction, hearing preservation, compensation and preparation. ( B ) Prevention of NIHL must be appropriate, equal, acceptable and low-cost. ( degree Celsius ) Most of the population in developing states is nescient of the jeopardies of inordinate noise exposure. Awareness must be increased about the harmful effects of noise and about its bar and control of NIHL ( vitamin D ) There is an acute deficit of dependable epidemiological informations on prevalence, hazard factors and costs of NIHL from developing states. There is an pressing demand of structured and controlled surveies in this respect. ( vitamin E ) Research needs to be focused on pathophysiology, proficient steps for noise decrease, bettering personal hearing defenders and low cost medicines for bar ( degree Fahrenheit ) Communication and coaction should be strengthened between developed and developing states to ease research and development in this field.DecisionsWithout uncertainty NIHL is the individual most of import cause for preventable hearing loss in this universe today. This job of noise pollution is turning and is presuming epidemic proportions in many developing states. It is to be appreciated that it is practically impossible to cut down noise degrees in industry and in our metropoliss to safe adequate degrees for infinite exposure. Educating people about inauspicious effects of noise and its bar and the usage of personal hearing protective devices are the major schemes against NIHL. There is an pressing demand to rush research on the cardinal mechanisms involved in NIHL so that preventative and healing steps to cut down or extenuate the lasting hearing harm due noise are evolved.

English has now become the lingua franca of the business world. What Essay - 1

English has now become the lingua franca of the business world. What are the implications of this for business and for native and non-native speakers of English - Essay Example For companies based in English-speaking societies, using English to coordinate and control business activities across the globe is less problematic. Yet, implementing a global language for the whole company is difficult for companies based in Asian or Latin Europe societies; however, even in these companies, requiring a language besides English as the international business lingua franca remains problematic (Garzone & Llie, 2007, p. 28). This essay discusses the implications of English as the lingua franca of the business world for the management, and native and non-native speakers of English. The chosen business genre is negotiation. Lingua franca is a language or expression that non-native speakers can use to effectively transfer information or exchange ideas with other non-native speakers. English as a lingua franca is defined by Firth (1996 as cited in Koester, 2010, p. 123) as: In order to explain business communications in the context of lingua franca, the concept of Business English as a Lingua Franca (BELF) was developed (Koester, 2010, p. 123). The increasing significance of English as Lingua Franca (EFL) is caused by a variety of occurrences. These involve the broader application of English as a global business language, English becoming a leading Internet language, the growing population of international students, and the continuous development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Bargiela-Chiappini, 2000, p. 311). Nowadays, EFL is the prevailing linguistic system that fulfils a need for communication. Even though workforce diversity is essential to businesses across the globe, international employees have to openly, clearly, and effectively communicate with one another. In order to cope with the intensifying global competition, an increasing number of European companies are implementing English as their official corporate

CHROMATOGRAPHY (ANALISIS CHEMISTRY) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CHROMATOGRAPHY (ANALISIS CHEMISTRY) - Coursework Example In thin layer chromatography, a thin, uniform layer of silica or alumina gel was traditionally coated on a piece of glass. The mixture was dissolved in an appropriate solvent and the glass plate was immersed in the liquid. The movement of the individual components of a mixture takes place at different rates and the distance travelled by each component is measured and the data so obtained is used to calculate the Rf value is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the component with the distance travelled by the solvent. Rf values are then compared with standard values to identify the suspected component. Fluorescent materials are incorporated into the stationary phase to identify colorless components which are invisible to the naked eye. Such components are visualized using ultra violet light. Separation of components of a mixture depends upon their affinity for the solvent as well as the capability of bonding with the stationary phase which is rich in hydroxyl groups. Van d er Waals forces also operate between the components and their affinity or repulsion from the stationary phase and determine the distance moved. Column chromatography was advancement in the technique where the stationary phase was packed inside a column (glass tube) and the mobile phase with the dissolved investigative mixture poured from the top. The movement occurred under the influence of gravity as well as the attraction of the components in the stationary phase, allowing identification of individual components. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography/High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) is a modern technique used to separate desirable or investigative chemical compounds from other compounds in a liquid sample. The investigative compounds are dissolved in an appropriate organic or inorganic solvent known as the mobile phase and the mixture is passed under pressure through specific columns which constitute the stationary phase.

Teacher Contract Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher Contract Negotiations - Essay Example There are conditions that each individual should meet in order to receive unemployment compensation benefit. Each state has different conditions for an individual to qualify for unemployment compensation. The two most important determinants for eligibility to unemployment compensation benefit are contract and reasonable assurance. Discussion Unemployment compensation is also commonly known as unemployment insurance (UI). It is a program by the government which provides financial support to unemployed workers who are qualified. The federal government sponsors and administers the benefit program through the taxes collected from employers. However, in every state there are different conditions and rules to qualify to unemployment compensation benefits. In the case of Harker v. ... act† which is defined as any written, oral, implied, expressed or even a notice of appointment that indicates individual’s services are being accepted. â€Å"Reasonable assurance† means a written, oral or implied agreement that individual will perform services in an institution of education or government agency in an instructional, research, principal administrative, or any other capacity during the ensuing academic year or term (Harker v. Shamoto, No.25615, 2004). http://www.state.hi.us/jud/22784sdo.htm (see 1) Since the records of the employer showed that Harker was on the preferred list of three schools in his district and even accepted and worked 90 assignments at 8 different schools beginning on July 9, 2000, he was disqualified to apply for unemployment compensation (Harker v. Shamoto, No.25615, 2004).http://www.google.com.ua/#sclient=psy-ab&hl=ru&source=hp&q=worked+90+assignments+at+8+different+schools+beginning+on+July+9%2C+2000%2C&pbx=1&oq=worked+90+assig nments+at+8+different+schools+beginning+on+July+9%2C+2000%2C&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=20042l21665l5l22413l1l1l0l0l0l0l291l291l2-1l1l0&fp=f0afe8921f3de3cb&biw=1133&bih=770 In the case of Ideal Academy Public Charter School v. Bernola, No. 07-AA-1224 (2009), the case stated District of Columbia’s conditions of â€Å"unemployed† individual that may receive unemployment compensation and defined the meaning of being â€Å"unemployed.† According D.C.Code  §?51-109 (2001), an individual is unemployed â€Å"with respect to any week during which he performs no service and with respect to which no earnings are payable to him [.]† and to meet this definition, â€Å"an individual must not have performed any services or received any earnings during the period benefits are claimed.† Even if Bernola received the

Math Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math - Assignment Example To start with, one needs to be able to organize and count their money; this comprises of knowledge of subtraction, division and multiplication. In everyday activities we visit supermarkets and buy items, in case we are not equipped with the knowledge of mathematics, we would not be able to recognize we receive the right change from the shop attendance. Even those individuals having mathematics related phobias cannot seepage the everyday encounters of mathematics in their lives. This is because mathematics ranges from: school, home and workplaces. Traveling involves covering of distances, almost each and every person moves from one place to another in everyday life. It is thus prudent to put into consideration the means of transport one will choose to reach the desired destination. If the individual chooses to use their own private means then, he or she will consider the miles-per-gallon of fuel that the car will consume for trips. In the event that one is faced by obstructions along the way or are forced to take detours. Analysis of available means of transport is done and then the transport means is choosen.The means of transport chosen is achieved at after analyzing the available means of transport. One will evaluate the conformability, time saving and cost of each means of transport before coming to the means of transport to use. Those traveling by air are required to know departure times and arrival schedules of a particular freight. When travelling by mode of air, the weight of luggage is critical and must be considered . Thus those who travel by air may want to risk some substantial baggage surcharges. Individuals buy items from various stores every day. Every noble person puts into consideration the terms of sale being offered by the seller in order to receive the most favorable deal. Trade discounts make be offered in various ways such as; cash discounts where one is either

What Specific Benefit Does Knowledge Management Software Add To A Essay

What Specific Benefit Does Knowledge Management Software Add To A Global Organization - Essay Example Technology may be central to companies adopting a global strategy. To discuss the benefits of using software in knowledge management tt should be mentioned that knowledge management means storing and sharing the wisdom and understanding accumulated in an organization about its processes, techniques and operations. It treats knowledge as a key resource, and software becomes a way of sharing this knowledge. Knowledge management software helps to connect people in global organization who operate in a distance, and has no opportunity to use printed matters or other sources. Knowledge management is as much if not more concerned with people and how they acquire, exchange and disseminate knowledge as it is about information technology. That is why it has become an important area for HR practitioners, who are in a strong position to exert influence in this aspect of people management. Software in KM can benefited in any process or practice of creating, acquiring, capturing, sharing and using knowledge, wherever it resides, to enhance learning and performance in organizations (Kucza, Komi-Sirvio,2001). MK software and the Internet world is growing fast and is becoming the integral part for many global organizations which create "portals to facilitate collaborative among workers involved in product development" (Moore, 2001). Internet rationalizes the expensive and cumbersome proposition of large-scale service. MK software serves to reduce at least the appearance of risk associated with time-space distanciation and the opacity of the expert system. In the global organisation managers need to implement a system that is much like a traditional library - it must contain a large cache of documents and include search engines that allow people to find and use the documents they need. In the personalization model, it's more important to have a system that allows people to find other people. In the light of this KM software is viewed as a means of communication and as a means of storing knowledge. Knowledge management is more about people than technology. A preoccupation with technology may mean that too little attention is paid to the processes (social, technological and organizational) through which knowledge combines and interacts in different ways. The key benefit is the interactions between people. This constitutes the social capital of an organization, i.e. the network of relationships constitute a valuable resource for the conduct of organizational affairs. Organizational networks can be particularly important in ensuring that knowledge is shared. What is also required is another aspect of organizational capital: trust. People will not be willing to share knowledge with those whom they do not trust, but KM software helps to reduce this risk to a minimum, and in some cases even encourage employees to be more active and participate in current affaires (Card, 1991). Another benefit of KM software is possibility to inhibit knowledge sharing in the culture of the company. The norm may be for people to keep knowledge to themselves as much as they can because 'knowledge is power'. An open culture will encourage people to share their ideas and knowledge. KM software helps to develop an open culture in which the values and norms emphasize the importance of sharing knowledge. On the other hand it promotes a climate of commitment and trust. As the most important KM software can help to

Community 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community 2 - Essay Example It is important to acknowledge that resources are always. Otherwise, the available resources can be used to produce good services when used properly. The hospital under study has a number of critical issues. The approach given towards realizing solutions is important. The death of Mr. B could be controlled if the hospital could implement relevant policies. It is necessary to appreciate the existence of the hospital in the rural area. Accessibility to the nearest health center has been a challenge to many communities. The next issue is whether the rural hospitals have enough resources to handle tasks. Rural hospitals act as supplements for well established hospitals. For instance, the unit can only accommodate 60 beds. It only handles emergencies which should then be referred to big hospitals (Holzemer, 2012). Embracing quality leadership skills is helping in ensuring that the hospital operates successfully in order to avoid such as Mr. B’s. Despite the fact that the hospital is in a rural area, it could handle if proper it took proper measures into account. The hospital lacked adequate mechanism to diagnose Mr. B’s problem. It either failed to give him attention at first or was not responsible to handle him. Mr. B complained of severe pain to his leg. The initial results could not justify his feelings. The hospital did not give the patent a proper response to the pains that he was claiming about (Holzemer, 2012). Hospitals and emergency units would use the right mechanisms when responding to issues. The hospital culture can be blamed for worsening of the patient’s situation at the facility. Leadership quality functions to implement policies that enable an organization to produce efficient services. The management needs to apply the right skills in ensuring that the hospital meets the needs of the community. The case reveals that some problems are caused by patents. People should be in the forefront of caring for their lives. It is upon a

Requires ...grammar....expression correction Essay

Requires ...grammar....expression correction - Essay Example Despite the technological advancement, hi-tech society buildings still suffers from a variety of issues of maintenance causes from decisions of their designer. It is a broad observation that modern day buildings are more susceptible to maintenance as compared to older counterparts. This research investigates of the impact of design defects on maintenance through their barriers and limitations of the interaction between them in an attempt to improve building design to reduce maintenance costs, especially in hospital buildings. In addition to literature studies, the interviewee questions and a case study have been analyzed to identify design and maintenance defects, their impacts on the maintenance and management of hospital buildings in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it explores the concerning roles, responsibilities, obligations, and liabilities of the agents who are involved in the design and maintenance performance and feasible solutions. The King Fahad Hospital was chosen for the stud y and the five interviewees were interviewed on telephone. Qualitative methodology was selected to collect data for this study; it has been found out that the majority of maintenance dilemmas in the hospital building are attributed to design defects. The defects affecting the maintenance of hospital in the budget were led to depletion of maintenance budget besides an increase in maintenance costs. Some recommendations were provided. Conclusion The first topic the chapter reviewed was maintenance. Common problems were identified and approaches to reduce the burden of maintenance through Total Quality Management of design were described. The effect poor design has on society was explored in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects. The chapter discussed design defects in terms of the professional obligations that each agent in the design team holds. The chapter emphasized the roles, which the civil engineers, the architects, the interior de signers, the commissioning agents, and the structural engineers have in the designing process. It also talked about the increasing role of legal action in poor design. Then the chapter discussed the inherent limitations of the building design and maintenance and its limitation in their relation. It lists the scope of the projects as well as the objectives and concludes with the significance of an investigation of the impact of design on the maintenance of hospital buildings in Saudi Arabia. This presents an opportunity for investigations of the impact of design imperfections on maintenance. In prior knowledge of most results and the factors that influenced the maintenance of negligence in design, circles many aspects such as specification of materials, thermal movement, wet areas, ventilation, inefficient detailing, improper material selection and poor design for accessing maintenance measures. The chapter also argued that the design process must also be considered from legal standp oint and the obligations of the design agents. There is mention in the literature of maintenance issues in Saudi Arabia. Ikhwan and Burney (1999) pointed out the importance of maintenance in the Kingdom, and discussed the need for maintenance education. They also highlighted research activities on maintenance performed at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. They recommended an extensive assessment of the current states of maintenance management and

International Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Business Law - Assignment Example The agency intervenes in dispute resolution before they get to the level of a claim in court. It helps clients to access funds from equity partners and banks. The agency increases tenors of loans that are available to investors. Regulatory approach to the regulation of pollution involves governments or other authorities adopting guidelines that stipulate certain pollution levels and ways of maintaining these levels. An example of regulatory approach is the command and control regulation. Non-regulatory approach to the regulation of pollution uses incentives and sensitization to encourage industries to adopt environment-friendly measures and practices. Market-based incentives are an example of non-regulatory pollution regulation. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement that many nations negotiated during the 1997 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan. The main objective of the Kyoto Protocol is to mandate nations to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases by set rates. For example, in nation present at the convention agreed to cut their annual greenhouse emissions by 5.2% by 2012 relative to 1990. The greenhouse gases targeted are carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, methane, HFCs, nitrous oxide, and PFCs. The 1989 Basel United Nations Convention introduced measures regulate the movement of hazardous waste for disposal in other countries. The convention instituted a condition that require that states that are parties to the convention cannot authorize or transport hazardous waste across borders into or out of a country that prohibits such movement. Party states cannot move hazardous waste into another country if they have the capacity to recycle it. They also cannot move waste into a country that lacks sound waste management measures (August, Mayer and Bixby 52-

Market Segmentation, and Product Positioning Essay Example for Free

Market Segmentation, and Product Positioning Essay For the purpose of this assignment, I am assuming myself as the owner of a plastic molded toy company in United States that manufacturers, and distributes plastic molded toys through retailers across the country and around the world. The company is capitalizing on the strong growth in the children’s toys segment and planning to expand in an aggressive manner throughout the nation. The company offers unique, world class and high quality toys which appeal to children of all ages and nationalities around the world. The operations of the manufacturing plant have commenced and the quality of toys produced by my company is comparable with or even better than those produced by the top toy companies in the country. Mission Statement The mission statement of my company is â€Å"to bring fun and happiness to every child in the world†. The mission statement focuses on three points. First it says that the company has the objective of brining fun and happiness. Second, the company is focused on children. Third the company wants to become a global company to bring fun and happiness to every child in the world. The emphasis is on international growth and expansion. Foreign Market for My Product and Service One foreign market for the toys of my country is France. France is already importing toys from the USA. There is a large market for safe and trendy plastic molded toys, and the toys made by my company comply with the requirements of the EU Toy Directive. The tie up with the French distributor is the first step in globalization. Later my company will set up sales offices in different parts of the world. Later it will open branches and also set up manufacturing operations in several parts of the world. Marketing Plan The marketing plan for my company is to sell three million plastic molded toys during the first year of operation and generate sales revenues of $45 million during the first year. This target is based on the manufacturing capacity of my company and the expected sales figures from distributors. Product: The toys will be made from the finest quality plastic and use high quality additives imported from Germany. The toys will comply with the requirements of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA). The toys will reflect the latest trends in toys. Price: The price range of toys will range between $11 and $32. The average price of toys will be $15. Place: The distribution of toys will be done by six national toy distributors. The toys will be available in at least 230 toy stores all over the US. In addition, the toys will be available on at least five websites that sell toys. In addition, one distributor will be appointed in France who will market my toys in France. Promotion: The toys will be advertised on internet banners, websites that sell toys, and social media sites frequented by children. There will also be search engine advertising and advertising on mobile phones. Personal selling will be done by company sales persons in selected twenty stores selling toys. In addition, company sales persons will also interact with distributors to ensure that distributors sell the toys through a large number of consumers. Potential Audiences The potential audiences for my marketing plan are children between the age of 3 and 12 in the US. These children require toys that are safe, attractive, and long lasting. Further, children also love to buy toys that reflect the latest trends. This may mean characters from the latest movies, comic books, or computer games. The needs of the target audience are fun, laughter, and light entertainment. Market Segment The market segment for this product is children between the age of 3 and 12 years in the United States. Dolls will be targeted at girls, video game characters will be targeted at boys, and comic book characters will be targeted at children between 8 and 12. The rationale for this segment is that molded plastic toys in general are preferred by children between the ages of 3 and 12 years. Girls prefer to play with dolls. Boys are interested in video game characters. Finally, comic book and comic strips are targeted  at children between 8 and 12 as these children read comics and comic strips; the toys based on comic characters should be targeted at this segment. Target Market The target market will be children between the ages of 3 and 12 who are located in the six states where the distributors are located. The 230 retailers where the toys are sold are also located in the same states where the six distributors are located. The rationale for this target market is that our company has distribution and retailing access only to those states. SWOT Analysis Strengths: The strengths of my company are excellent quality products. My company is financially strong. The products made by my company are compliant with U.S. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA), and EU Toy Directive. In addition, my company has distribution access to six states in the US. The agreements with six distributors ensure that my company’s products have a comfortable market. Weaknesses: The internet based sales are low. There are no sales of molded toys in other parts of the country. Retailers in other states do not stock our toys. Our company does not have well-known brand recognition. Even though my company has appointed a distributor in France the sales in France are low. Opportunities: My Company has opportunities if it appoints more distributors in the USA. Further, there is land available next to our existing facilities. If our company purchases the land the production of molded toys will increase three times. The larger volume of production at one location will enable my company to realize economies of scale. If my company appoints more distributors in Europe, the sales of my company will increase. Threats: There is strong competition in the molded plastic toys market. Not only top toy makers but even small entrepreneurs make molded plastic toys. The economic downturn leading to low disposable incomes is also a threat to toy sales. Changes in trends during the peak seasons can render large stocks unsalable and can lead to losses. Market Position The market positioning for the plastic molded toys made by my company is moderate in prices but high in quality. The plastic molded toys made by my  company will be safer than, and better in quality than the products of Hasbro, Lego, and Tiger. The rationale for this strategy is that the objective of my company is to persuade more distributors to carry our toys. When the quality of our toys is compared to those of top brands in the market, distributors agree to carry our brand. 5 Cs Strategic Marketing Analysis We carry out the 5 Cs strategic marketing analysis of my company in the following manner: Customers: The customers are children between the age of 3 and 12. In several cases the purchase decisions are made by the parents. Children want plastic molded toys that bring them fun, joy, and happiness. Company: My Company can fulfill the needs of children who want to buy plastic molded toys. My company keeps a close watch on market trends and the changing requirements of children. My company can change its production at short notice and make exactly those plastic molded toys that the children demand. Competition: Small plastic molded toy makers compete on price. They make and sell toys cheap. On the other hand each of the top toys making companies makes plastic molded toys. Companies such as Mattel, Hasbro, Bandai, Lego, Playmates Toys, and Tiger each compete in the plastic molded toys segment. Collaborator: The collaborators of my company are the six distributors plus the distributor in France. The suppliers of plastic pellets are also our collaborators. The suppliers enable our company to use the highest quality of raw materials and make plastic molded toys of the highest quality. Context: The context is that plastic molded toys are being imported at low prices. Barriers to trade have been removed because of WTO. The economy is recovering but the recovery is still slow. The society approves plastic molded toys but looks down on children who play with plastic molded toys instead of electronic or computer games. The technology is coming up with improved computer games and internet based games. References: Bell Melissa J. How to Make Molds for Plastic Toys (2013), retrieved on 23 October 2013 from: http://www.ehow.com/how_5426610_make-molds-plastic-toys.html Daily Motion, Making Magazine, Simple Molding and Casting for Toy Duplication (2013) retrieved on 23 October 2013 from: http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgjgfq_simple-molding-and-casting-for-toy-duplication_school Youtube, Moulding Process for plastic toys in China by ODM Pro (2013), retrieved on 23 October 2013 from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZh7VfxBmcw

Urbanization And Home Ownership In Bangladesh Economics Essay

Urbanization And Home Ownership In Bangladesh Economics Essay Bangladesh is a developing country and has a population of 160 million. Urbanization process has increased rapidly. In 1891 only 2 percent citizens lived in the cities, and in 1961 this number increased to 5 percent. Baxter (1997, p) shows that citys population was 9 percent in 1974, that increased to 10.6 percent in 1984 and 17 percent in 1992. In Bangladesh education, employment, healthcare and other social aspects are centralized in the cities, especially in Dhaka. As a result Dhaka is facing a huge rate of rural urban migration. Takehiko Nomura (1996, p12) provided that Emerging urbanization and the population explosion will bring more social troubles to the world: poverty, environmental degradation, and shortage of housing, food and water- factors capable of creating instability around the world. According to New Internationalist magazine (issue 386,p 18) amongst the population of the top sixteen cities, a big proportion live in slums, between 40 percent and 50 percent in Jakarta (Indonesia), and a third in mega- metropolises like Dhaka ( Bangladesh), Kolkata (India) and Sao Paulo ( Brazil). In developing countries government intervention is very little about housing issues. Low and middle income group especially who are not in the public services go for self-help housing construction, or live as tenant. But now a day there is a lot of obstacle to find a plot of land. Datta and Jones (1999) provide evidence that people purchase via family and friends. Sometimes they apply for a plot in a government or self-help housing association project. In Chandigarh (India) there are two types of housing, one is public or semi-public housing which is provided by government or semi- government organization for their employees and the other is private housing that is occupied by the owners themselves or rented to tenants, (Sandhu 1985). There is evidence that (Ray Forest 2002, p2) urbanization rate is higher in East and South East Asia. It comes along with economical and social changes. This growth rate is putting pressure in the real estate market. As a result prices have gone up by 20 percent. Augus, Doling and Lee (2002, p 179) have provided evidence that households in Asia have lower standard than that in western countries. Construction industries in Asia could not add sufficient new housing of a standard level with those economic levels. In Hong Kong it is a common feature that people are living in an apartment of less than five hundred square feet. They cannot afford larger floor space. It is stated that (James Lee, Ray Forest, and wai Keung Tam 2002, p20) individual home-ownership is a new trend in East Asia. Only exception is Singapore, where government supported home-ownership ideas through its efforts in 1960s. It is further mentioned government of Taiwan and South Korea gives housing provision the secondary importance to the central goal of economic development. The Japan Housing Corporation is trying to develop large scale housing sites to construct housing for middle class workers in the cities. In Japan housing investment reached 12990 billion yen in 1978. 94 percent of it came from private sector investment. Housing sector is dominated by home-ownership and private renting. Government gives subsidy for low-cost public rental housing to the low-income families. Evidence shows that (James Lee, Ray Forest and Wai Keung Tam, 2002, p 38) National Housing Authority does not play an important role concerning housing issues in Thailand. Rich families build their own houses, whereas middle income group depend on private sector. But Housing Bank provides loans for both developers and individual purchases. Housing is a fundamental concern in human life. Byrne and Diamond (2007, p527) concluded that Housing provides a necessary foundation for physical and social life. It provides shelter, security, recreation, and wealth. It plays a central role in the health and well-being of its occupants and also supports their employment and educational endeavours. Among the poor there is a severe shortage of adequate, affordable housing. Housing costs in relation to households income and the quality are the issues that come to centre- stage in policy debates, (Marsh and Mullins 1998, p1-2). Government around the world is facing a fundamental debate about their role to the group who find it difficult to secure adequate accommodation for them. This issue varies between societies. Demographic and social changes influence the housing market. The demand for housing varies with the size of the families, and the age and other characteristics of the population. Generally large families need more spaces. If they decide to spend less on housing but still want more space, they have to compromise with quality. Economic change determines the type and quantity of housing. It also determines consumers ability. Technical and organizational changes in the housing sector can affect the cost. Housing finance institutes also play a very important role and their change affect housing sector as well. Price of building materials, availability of land, labour cost influences the market function. Changes in the government policy directly influence housing market. They can make it easy for low or middle income group by providing subsidies or creating special fund from where people can get secured loan. Marsh and Mullins (1998, p5) provided that A prime example in Britain is the personal subsidies paid to low-income tenants through the housing benefit system: throughout the 1980s housing benefit was seen as the main component of government policy towards housing and yet the housing benefit system is the responsibility of the Department of Social Security. In Britain central government rely upon local authorities about housing. Housing associations help implementing policies which is formed centrally. Meyerson and Terrett (1962,p70) gives evidence that in U.S.A. government provides better homes to low- income families through public housing. In order to do that The Housing Act of 1949 extended its aid for low rent housing program. Government can monitor private sectors activity concerning the quality issues. Besides through its fiscal and regulatory policy it can influence them. It can try to influence the amount of property of particular types that is produced and consumed. Sometimes it can negotiate pricing policy as well. Countrys economy always plays a vital role. And changes in this sector create a strong impact in citizens life. If unemployment grows people may not afford individual and independent households. Housing expenditures varies in different countries. Meyerson and Terrett (1962, p60) have provided that in developed countries the first and largest item in every familys budget is food and beverages. But in the developing countries the largest expenditures for the families is housing. It is further mentioned housing expenditures vary with occupation and education within each income class. Affordable housing refers to low-cost homes to either rent or buy, (Ratcliffe and Stubbs 1996, p482). It can be considered for the people in low or middle income group. Normally it is related to large- scale housing project. In the developed countries it is often seen as new settlements and urban villages. They are meant to be low- cost housing. Ratcliffe and Stubbs (1996, p486-491) further mentioned that a new settlement is a private sector sponsored new town where 2000 to 10,000 people can live. An urban village is a mixed-use mixed-ownership urban development based on public- private sector co-operation. It covers about two hundred acres. It not only provides housing but also provides small businesses, shops. It develops community feelings among people. In multi- family buildings people maintain personal relationships to manage the property well. This practise can be reflected in the national level, (Byrne and Diamond 2007). Consumers attitude towards housing aspects need to be considered to understand the housing market function. It has evidence that (Meyerson and Terrett 1962, p86) customer thinks about the number of the rooms, not about the floor spaces. They will prefer a three room house rather than a two room house of greater dimensions. Customers also put their attention on improvements in equipment and layout. They want information about its relative value, and its conformity to codes and ordinances. They consider the characteristics of their possible neighbourhood. Some people want to live far from the madding crowd. But they like to earn their living by working in the metropolitan labour market. They think improvement in the transport system can make it possible for them. Home building is supported by a group of people and institute, such as building materials suppliers, contractors, subcontractors, architect, labour and lending institutions. Meyerson and Terrett (1962, p106) describes a large-scale builder activities that Since he produces groups of houses from similar or identical plants at one location during a single undertaking, he is in a position to obtain important economies in the purchase of land, the mass construction of structures, the purchase of supplies, and the scheduling of labour and equipment. The case of Dhaka: It provides evidence that (Islam, 2004) home ownership rate is very low in Dhaka. It can be compared with some Indian cities, such as Delhi or Bombay. Rents are very high in Dhaka. Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) has fixed rent in different zones, but it is not followed properly. Bangladesh has the National Housing Policy which was formed in 1993. It was amended in 1999 and in 2004. Government does not directly involve itself in the housing sector. Baker (2007) provides that government acts as facilitator or enabler and trying to increase the access to land and housing. It is trying to modify infrastructure both for the individual and the private sector. Through Bangladesh Bank (BB) it is trying to promote housing finance institutions. Islam (2004) shows that out of one million units in Dhaka metropolitan areas private sector housing companies delivered 48 thousands housing units, public sector contributed 100,000 units and co-operative sector delivered only two thousand units. Baker (2007) has provided that main consumers of private sector housing are upper and middle income groups. He further added their minimum income should be fifteen thousand (Bangladeshi Taka) per month. Land prices are very high in Dhaka. It is considered to be the main obstacle both for self-help housing construction and private sector housing companies. Baker (2007) provides evidence that it can be compared with the suburban of New York. Dhanmondi is the most expensive area where the price stands at 3500 taka per square foot, (around$60). In Gulshan land price stands at 3194 taka per square foot, and in Baridhara at 3000 taka per square foot. Land in the less expensive area (such as Pallabi, Shamoli) is around 1600 taka per square foot. It is notable that there is a real scarcity of developable land in Dhaka city. Public land occupies some colony for public service holder, military cantonment and other government related institutions. But it is accepted that the use of public land is badly managed and need to be addressed to make the maximum use.

The Imitation of Life, Sarah Jane Analysis

The Imitation of Life, Sarah Jane Analysis The Imitation of Life is one of the most powerful cinematic displays of racial passing in movie history. Passing, a commonly used term especially in the African American community, occurs when a member of one racial category assumes the ethnicity of another (Alkon, 2012). The movie was originally made in 1934 with a remake in 1959. The main character, Sarah Jane, wanted not just to pass within the dominant social group (white), but to truly belong to that group and forget her African American identity that comes loaded with much prejudice and hardship. Despite having the racial fluidity to pass, her mother and the people who were close to her knew her true ethnicity. Although this is a movie, passing is part of our socio-historical background. In this paper I will examine how Sarah Jane does facework in order to successfully pass as a white woman. There are various examples of facework that allow her to be in character. In Imitation of Life, Sarah Jane was the daughter of a black housekeeper, who wanted to pass as a white female. When attempting to cross ethnic barriers, there are gains for the person who decides to attempt to pass. The ultimate gain is acceptance into a dominant class in society and the ultimate cost is eventually losing touch with blood relatives. For example, there is a scene in the movie when Sarah Jane begged her mother to leave her and to never tell anyone they were related. In this scene, you could see Sarah Jane softening a little bit as her mother embraced her and promised her daughter that she would leave her alone because she was getting tired of being turned away from her daughter. This exchange was the last time they spoke to each other. In the process of passing as a means of survival, the dilemmas facing those who pass, is the degree to which they internalize the dominant values of the oppressor (Yee, 1998). Both of her parents were African American, yet her outward appearance fit all the physical attributes of a Caucasian person being of lighter skin. As a young child, Sarah was upset because she was given a black doll. She did not like this because she had internalized and embraced that she looked just like the other white children around her. According to Mead, all children in this society learn at an early age that, generally speaking, whiteness is privileged and darkness is not and thus their choices in this regard are usually not surprising (ISL, 2010). During this scene, she was in wrong face; she pouted and voiced her unhappiness about the doll and their living situation, and her mother quickly came in to help Sarah Jane regain face by apologizing, a popular corrective process. In the reading, My Grandmothers Passing, XXX we were introduced to the writers grandmother, Mary Douglass, who was also upset because her granddaughter saw herself as an Anglo American woman, became upset and distanced herself from her granddaughter after she called her Mexican (Lopez McAllister, 2011). In both stories the females involved were of da rker skin and experienced self-loathing because of social comparisons and internalized racism. Sarah Janes mother, Annie, was able to find employment as a live-in maid with a struggling actress; the relationship of the two women clearly defined the social structure in their relationship. Annie was a hard working woman but her master status was black. She used emotional labor on a daily basis and rarely had a backstage to run to when her day was over. In her job as a maid, she had to do a lot of surface acting because it was hard for her to find employment and keep her daughter with her. She used corrective processes to avoid aggressive interchanges with her employer and with her daughter. The strain of this emotional labor made her ill and this is what we are led to believe is the reason she dies. Throughout the movie, Karl Marxs conflict theory of the haves and the have nots is clear. The tension between the needing to be a mother and being able to build self-esteem and pride in her daughter was in contrast to her own need of employment as the maid and taking care of their fa mily was quite evident. She did not realize that her compliance in her situation made a social dilemma for her daughter. A social dilemma is an individually reasonable behavior that leads to a situation in which everyone is worse off (Newman, 2011). Sarah Jane grew up living in the shadow of a rich-white lifestyle longing to be a real white girl, something she was able to accomplish once she had part ways from her mother. According to Romero (1995), Sarah Jane had to learn when she must act like the employers child and when she must assume the appropriate behavior as the maids e daughter. She has to recognize all the social cues and interpret social settings correctlywhen to expect the same rights and privileged as the employers children and when to fulfill the expectations and obligations as the maids daughter (p. 89). The ways in which parents, family, community and society transmit various interpretations of race eventually determine how one identifies oneself. During the film, Sarah Jane was challenged because she lived in fear of being found out. Sarah Janes emotion work involved a lot of deep acting to maintain the role and achieve the master status of a Caucasian person that she was not ascribed. In society, race is usual ly visually confirmed. As Sarah Jane grew older she constantly denied her ethnicity which led to another challenge. For African Americans, understanding the past is essential in analyzing present day issues of the community. The topics of colorism and the relationship between light and dark skinned Blacks are especially important because history indicates that the subject is imbued with cryptic discomfort (Cunningham, 1997). Light skin is valued in some minorities especially African American. When Sarah Jane started to date she thought that if she married a white man, her children would come out white and no one would know the wiser. Contrary to her wishes, her boyfriend, who was white, found out that her mother was black. He asked her on a date and savagely beat her and threw her in the gutter. He felt that she tricked him because he would never date outside of his race. Having one drop of black blood was considered contaminating, and its presence made one totally and absolutely black. The one drop rule b ecame law during re-construction. In addition, many Whites feared an infiltration of black blood, and anti-miscegenation laws were born partly out of the fear that a White person might accidentally marry a black person (Cunningham, 1997). After this beating she felt more resentment towards her mother because she felt all the obstacles she was facing were her mothers fault. There are also breaks in facework in which emotions are not managed properly. Sarah Janes status is constantly changing in response to the wide range of social settings she encounters (Romero, 1995, p. 89). To avoid embarrassment because of the many awkward situations she faced because of her race she decided to run away in order to maintain face. She joined a chorus line in a low class night club and became comfortable living as a white woman. She successfully passed in her new identity. This allowed her sense of self to grow; she was able to distance herself from the social norms that were in place for African Americans. Facework allowed Sarah Jane to avoid stigmatized identity: After she ran away, in her new environment, there was no one to stigmatize her as a black woman. She made friends and found a job. Being a light skinned African American was often a barrier to find jobs because in the eyes of some whites, they were a picture of the outcome of a mixed relationship which was taboo at that time. The mere idea of people who were black being able to pass and live among whites caused an ongoing threat of racial obscurity for white so naturally passing as a white woman affected her looking glass self, by seeing herself as she thought others saw her (Alkon, 2012). Sarah Janes mother was getting older and she was getting very sick. She eventually cooperated with Sarah Jane in the process of facework by promising her that she would never acknowledge that she was her mother so that Sarah Jane could maintain her face and keep the persona of being a white woman. While Annie was dying she told her employer to tell her daughter that she was sorry and that she was being selfish as her mother but she loved her because she was the only thing she had. As I mentioned above, Annie used facework and corrective processes until she died. Unfortunately at the end of the movie Annie died. During the funeral, Sarah Jane ran down the crowded street and threw herself on the coffin, this time she was screaming and telling her mother that she was sorry. She was using a corrective process by apologizing and asking her mother for forgiveness. Unfortunately it was too late because her mother died of a broken heart. In conclusion, Sarah Jane used facework to successfully pass as a white woman, and allowed Sarah Jane to avoid a stigmatized identity. She was able to do this because visually you would not know she was African American. Passing as a white woman affected her identity because she used deep acting to internalize the white race that she infiltrated. Sarah Janes passing deeply affected her mother because her mother wanted her to live as a black woman and marry black man. Passing is a small piece of African-Americans socio-historical background and usually remains hidden like a long buried bone, ironically society is more tolerant and would not see it as a stigmatized behavior. Society has come a long way from the 30s and 50s and there is more opportunity out there to be successful regardless the color of your skin.

The Journey of Self-discovery Brian Moores The Luck of Ginger Coffey E

The Journey of Self-discovery Brian Moore's The Luck of Ginger Coffey When Ginger Coffey brought his family to Canada from Ireland, little did he know that he would attain partial triumph by discovering "himself and the refugee among the lame and the old". With the aid of those around him, Coffey pursued personal freedom and status in his adopted country. He stumbled through a journey of self-discovery while materialism obstructed his vision. The importance of his family rooted Coffey to his homeland and to his moral values while he tried to discover himself as an immigrant. All the world appeared hostile to Ginger Coffey when he tried to carve a niche for himself in this new country, for he felt insecure as a New Canadian—and he was faced with midlife crises to boost. As a schoolboy, Coffey had been warned by old Father Cogley that boys who didn’t settle like everyone else would sink in this world and the next, "because that class of boy is unable to accept his God-given limitations†¦has no love of God in him†¦is an ordinary, lazy lump and his talk of finding adventures is only wanting an excuse to get away and commit mortal sins." (The Luck of Ginger Coffey, 18) Coffey dreamed of a world in which "all men had reached the top of the hill; there were no dull jobs, no humiliating interviews, no turndowns; no man was saddled with ungrateful daughters, there were unlimited funds to spend†¦You were free." (40) Indeed, Coffey was a dreamer who longed for personal freedom. Having hopped from job to job because he detested being a "glorified office boy," (13) Coffey could not face the "misleading facts of a life" (7) and he was unprepared to scale the steep ascent to a successful career. While hunting for a job, Ginger Coffey no... ...use she needs [him]; it’s knowing [he] and she will still care about each other when sex and daydreams, fights and futures—when all that’s on the shelf and done with." (243) Mingling amongst the "lame and the old," Ginger Coffey saw reflections of himself as a New Canadian everywhere. He had learned that life was the victory, and that going on was the victory. The little triumphs in life have liberated him. Coffey, in his adjustment period as an immigrant, has found materialism to have a negative impact on his life. Concerned with the welfare of his family, Coffey was able to discover his tender-most self. Certainly, the weak and the poor have acted as the best guides for Ginger Coffey who, through a tumultuous journey, found himself at last. Work Cited Moore, Brian. The Luck of Ginger Coffey. Boston and Toronto: Atlantic-Little, Brown and Company, 1960.

The Life Of Lincoln West :: Essays Papers

The Life Of Lincoln West "It comforted him. For almost four years it meant a lot to him," ends the short story, "The Life of Lincoln West" by Gwendolyn Brooks. This quote suggests that the eleven-year-old Lincoln commits suicide. Why would he do this? Because of the crushing rejection of Lincoln by his parents, teacher, friends, and strangers, he ends his life. Although it may be hard to believe, Lincoln was rejected by his own family. His father couldn't stand to look at Lincoln. He tried very hard to please his father but was not successful. His mother put him with her hairpins and sweethearts, dance slippers, and torn paper roses. She didn't think of her own child as anymore important than these insignificant objects. His parents didn't love him because of the way he looked. Holidays with his family were ruined because his family members couldn't believe that he was so ugly. They felt resentment about him. Lincoln loved his kindergarten teacher but her only concern for Lincoln was one part sympathy and two parts repulsion. It was even difficult for her to be polite to Lincoln because of the way he looked. She did a nice thing for Lincoln one day after school by walking him home. The only reason she walked Lincoln home from school was because she felt pity for him. After she started walking him home she regretted it. Children need other children to grow up with and have fun with. Lincoln only had this with his neighbor friends when there wasn't anyone else around. They were nice to him and played with him but when other kids were around they acted like they weren't his friend. The kids on the playground wouldn't let him touch them and wouldn't be it when he caught them while they played tag. Lincoln had no real friends. No one liked him. Even strangers walking down the street would look at Lincoln and point and stare. In the movie theatre with his mother one day a man pointed Lincoln out and called him "Black, ugly and odd." They said that he was "The real thing." Lincoln found happiness in this statement. "The real thing" made him feel like he was special, a somebody.

Dialogue and Monologue in the 1798 Lyrical Ballads :: 1798 Lyrical Ballads Bicentennial Essays

Dialogue and Monologue in the 1798 Lyrical Ballads Commemorating the bicentennial of the 1798 Lyrical Ballads implies something about the volume's innovations as well as its continuity. It is no longer possible to believe that 'Romanticism' started here (as I at least was taught in school). Even if we cannot claim 1798 as a hinge in literary history, though, there is something appealing about celebrating the volume's attitude to newness, as well as the less contentious fact of its enduring importance to readers of Romantic-period poetry. What one risks, of course, is the currently ubiquitous accusation that one is repeating the self-representations of an inappropriately authoritative version of Romanticism, as my school-teacher certainly was (though none of us knew it at the time). There is indeed something innately Wordsworthian about the bicentennial, with its celebration of the endurance of a single past event. We recognise this rhetoric of revisitation and futurity: it is the language spoken by the affirming voice of 'Lines writt en above Tintern Abbey', the concluding statement of the 1798 volume. The poem reads rather like the recitation of a liturgy. Wordsworth recollects his own faith by restating it, and in doing so he discovers its truth and its guarantee of continuity: "in this moment there is life and food / For future years" (ll. 65-6). However sceptical readers have become about the Wordsworthian-Coleridgean creed, the monumental quality of the volume is not entirely a figment of a literary history in search of Great Traditions; 'Tintern Abbey' writes its own future—and the future of Lyrical Ballads 1798 as a whole—as well as writing Wordsworth's (and Dorothy's). We may no longer assent to the idea of 1798 as a new beginning, but we still have to accommodate the volume's own assertions about continuity and change. Perhaps the temptation to go on marking the date arises from the presence of these assertions. Even without the extended prefaces of the later editions, the 1798 Lyrical Ballads is a strikingly self-conscious collection. It opens and closes with a pair of manifestos. The 'Advertisement' announces a new poetic practice; 'Tintern Abbey' bears witness to the final achievement of imaginative, moral and domestic security. Together, these two documents act like a set of quotation marks. They frame the stylistic and rhetorical character of the volume as a whole within another kind of voice, instructing, guiding, and (re)assuring. However we choose to take the grand Romantic