Causes of the American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1071 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The American Revolution was caused by the French and Indian War, the Proclamation Line of 1763, Navigation acts, lack of colonial representation, and violent colonial resistance. Even though the French and Indian War succeeded in giving Great Britain an enormous amount of territory in North America, it was also immensely expensive. In an attempt to cover these expenses, Britains parliament decided to impose taxes on the colonists, also known as the Navigation Acts. These acts led to colonial resentment over the growing imperial rule in the colonies. Having no control over these taxes, colonists realized their lack of representation in the English Parliament and wrote to King George III, hoping to gain some say in what was imposed upon them. In response, the colonists gained more taxes and their irritation with the parliament grew. Great Britain, not wanting to provocate another war with the Indians, attempted to limit Westward expansion for colonists by passing the Proclamation Line of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle West of the Appalachian Mountains. Tired of the repressive laws and taxes bestowed upon them, colonists began to revolt and use violence as their way of rejecting British rule. These clashes over colonial freedom led to an extensive war for independence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Causes of the American Revolution" essay for you Create order When the war ended in 1763, Britain gained a vast amount of land for its empire after signing the Treaty of Paris. Although the war had ended, fighting with indians continued. After signing the treaty, ten thousand British troops arrived on the new frontier to defend and assuage it. The soldiers lodged themselves in the homes of many settlers, causing colonial discontent with the disruption of their homes. Along with building a vast empire and strong Navy, Britain was so high in expenses that Englands national debt doubled in amount. England decided to push the debt on the colonies in the form of many taxes and laws. Resentment among colonists grew as their expansion was limited and they were heavily taxed. After an expensive war, King George III passed the Proclamation Line of 1763 to prevent further fighting with the indians. This frontier policy forbade colonial settlement West of the Appalachian Mountains, mainly in the Ohio Valley. Many colonists disliked this policy and resented the British monarchy for it. The colonists were celebrating the opening of the frontier won after the war, and grew upset that their expansion became limited. Many colonists believed that Britain was trying to keep a tight control over the colonies by enacting this policy. Since Britain was in a massive debt and in need of cash, the expenses were pushed onto America. This led to a series of taxes imposed upon the colonists, some of which were meant to prevent smuggling. The Sugar Act of 1764 taxed many commonly used imports such as sugar, coffee, and wine. Tax collection was stringently enforced and led colonists to protest and cry no taxation without representation, because they had no say in the British policy. For the colonists, property was seen as a freedom instead of just a possession. If one had property, they could provide for themselves without relying on the government. When the security of that property was threatened due to taxes, so was the liberty that came with it. Many colonists believed that their freedom was being dealt with in this way, and protested. For example, in Massachusetts, a protest was drawn up that stated that taxes ought not to be laid without representatives of the colonists affected by them. In March, 1765, the Stamp tax became a law, forcing any formally written or printed documents to be put on singular stamped paper and distributed in America by resident agents who were on payment of the taxes. The colonists would have to pay stamp tariffs on the stages of lawsuits, almanacs, newspapers, bills and bonds, diplomas, deeds, advertisements, and even dice and cards. Regardless of size, each fee seemed to be a strike on the security of property to the colonists because they were levied without assent. With the passage of the Stamp Act, merchants of the colonies rebelled by agreeing to cease imports on all British goods unless Parliament were to repeal it. Most colonies also witnessed a pause in business due to the desire to nulli fy the act, and used nothing that required the use of stamps. TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION Most Englishmen were ineligible to vote on the acts of Parliament, either because they did not own enough property, or they lived in towns that were not allowed to send members. The Sugar Act and a newly proposed stamp tax brought forth colonial protests and objections. In an attempt to justify these new acts, Thomas Whatley, a member of the Parliament, assured the colonists that they werent unrepresented, but they instead enjoyed a virtual representation, without voting for anyone. According to Whatley, each member of Parliament represented the entire empire and not just the few electors who chose them. The colonists roundly rejected this idea of virtual representation and wanted an actual representation in Parliament. In October, 1765, nine colonies sent representatives to New York to attend the Stamp Act Congress, where they drew up a set of regulations denying the authority of taxation by Parliament. This declaration of rights and grievances was framed and then sent to King Georg e III, but despite the opposition, the Stamp Act was still enacted. The colonists were angered by the lack of representation that they had in the British government, and thus their desire for freedom was fueled. COLONIAL RESISTANCE As the colonists tried to flout the British government, they formed rebellious associations, a popular one called the Sons of Liberty in Boston, led by politician Samuel Adams. The purpose of these groups was to declare the colonial intention to resist the Stamp act to the last extremity. The colonists in these associations found themselves willing to risk their lives in rebellion to prevent the security of their property from being taken by the Parliament, in which they had no representation. In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty hung an effigy of Andrew Oliver, who was paid to distribute stamps in Massachusetts, along with a large boot with a devil climbing out of it, to symbolize Olivers evil connection to the Stamp Act. After dusk, many furious colonists of Boston burned Olivers property, stoned his house, and beheaded the effigy. Similar riots began to break out and forced the resignations of various crown-appointed officials.

Italian Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initials

AQ, BOT, ISTAT, and SNAproFIN. VF, CWIB, FALCRI, and RRSSAA. Italian abbreviations and acronyms might make your head spin, but consider the alternative: While on vacation in Italy Antonio rented a car manufactured by the Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino. In his hotel room the channel choices included Radio Audizioni Italiane Uno and Telegiornale 4. Antonio consulted the Italian financial paper Il Sole 24 Ore for the daily Indice azionario della Borsa valori di Milano. While looking out the window, he saw a street rally for the Partito Democratico della Sinistra.Since the airlines lost one of her suitcases, Antonios wife went to Unico Prezzo Italiano di Milano to replace her toothbrush. She also wrote a postcard to her friend Regina in Sicily that required a Codice di Avviamento Postale in the address. Later on that day Sabrina went to the local Azienda di Promozione Turistica office for information on museums. At the end of their trip Antonio and Sabrina filled out an Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto refund claim form in order to receive a refund of taxes spent on certain goods. Now consider the same passage using Italian abbreviations and acronyms: While on vacation in Italy Antonio rented a FIAT. In his hotel room the channel choices included RAI Uno and Tg4. Antonio consulted the Italian financial paper Il Sole 24 Ore for the daily MIB. While looking out the window, he saw a street rally for the PDS.Since the airlines lost one of her suitcases, Antonios wife went to UPIM to replace her toothbrush. She also wrote a postcard to her friend Regina in Sicily that required a C.A.P. in the address. Later on that day Sabrina went to the local APT office for information on museums. At the end of their trip Antonio and Sabrina filled out an IVA refund claim form in order to receive a refund of taxes spent on certain goods. Stirring the Soup It might seem like a zuppa di alfabeto, but as the examples show, youd have to be pazzo to write or speak the complete phrase or term instead of substituting the appropriate Italian abbreviation or acronym. Known as acronimi (acronyms), abbreviazioni (abbreviations) or sigle (initials), Italian abbreviations and acronyms are formed by joining the initial letters or syllables of companies, organizations, and societies, as well as other terms, to form a new word. Some of them even evoke the topic they stand for. For example, in Italian, the word luce can mean light, brightness, sunlight, all possible references to the movies. LUCE is also the Italian acronym for LUnione Cinematografico Educativa, the national cinema educational organization. Tasting the Minestra Wondering what spices to add to the zuppa di alfabeto? In general, Italian abbreviations and acronyms are usually pronounced or read as if they were words rather than spelled out, with the exception of two-letter combinations, which are regularly spelled out. Acronyms such as PIL (Prodotto Interno Lordo), D.O.C. (Denominzaione dOrigine Controllata) and STANDA (Società   Tutti Articoli Nazionale DellArredamento [Abbigliamento]), are pronounced as if they were Italian words. Other abbreviated forms, such as PSDI (Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano) and PP.TT. (Poste e Telegrafi) are pronounced letter for letter. Listen to native Italian speakers, especially public speakers, to determine the correct form. In any event, dont forget how to pronounce Italian vowels or how to pronounce Italian consonants, since the letters and syllables are still pronounced using the Italian alphabet.

School of Thoughts in Psychology - 1604 Words

Major Schools of Thought in Psychology When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Functionalism†¦show more content†¦Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, was an advocate of this position and is often considered the founder of structuralism, despite the fact that it was his student, Edward Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. While Wundts work helped to establish psychology as a separate science and contributed methods to experimental psychology, the structuralist school of thought did not last long beyond Titcheners death. Major Structuralist Thinkers †¢ Wilhelm Wundt †¢ Edward Titchner Criticisms of Structuralism †¢ By today’s scientific standards, the experimental methods used to study the structures of the mind were too subjective—the use of introspection led to a lack of reliability in results. †¢ Other critics argue that structuralism was too concerned with internal behavior, which is not directly observable and cannot be accurately measured. Strengths of Structuralism †¢ Structuralism is important because it is the first major school of thought in psychology. †¢ Structuralism also influenced experimental psychology. Functionalism Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mentalShow MoreRelatedThe School Of Thought And The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe school of thought and its central contribution to the field of psychology Carl Roger’s central contribution to the field of psychology involved his theory of personality. This theory was unique with the capability to be applied in various domains of helping professions including psychotherapy and counseling, education, organizations, cross-cultural relations, and other group settings (n/a, 2015). 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Misperceptions created by popular media as well as the diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees have contributed this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychology include mentalRead More Foundations of Psychology Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesWhen psychology first emerged as a science, the process of explaining the human mind and human behavior began. In this essay we will present a brief synopsis of what psychology is and introduce the reader to the primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as well as introducing the reader to the major schools of thought in psychology. In Kowalski and Westen Fifth Edition of Psychology, psychology is define as â€Å"the scientific investigation of mental processes such as;

Global Financial Crisis 2008

Question: Write an essay on "Global Financial Crisis2008". Answer: Introduction Global Financial Crisis 2008 has been defined as the worst hits to the economies of various countries across the global post the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Crisis was such a dangerous pest that it shook almost all the financial markets worldwide. The intensity of the crisis was such that its effects are still felt by many economies. The outcome of the sub prime mortgages in the United States of America also infected various developed and developing nations simultaneously. Suddenly the banks stopped trusting each other even though there was intervention from the US Federal Bank. Nothing could stop the crashing down of the stock market and within no time the economies broke into shatters. The arrival of such a crisis was being felt from 2007 itself and all efforts to fight the same was futile and towards the end of the year 2008 , Lehman Brothers declared itself bankrupt which gave shock waves across the globe and the typical notion that big banks cannot ever fail was questione d by the public (Jones, 2009). What is Global Financial Crisis? After 78 long years the economies worldwide faced financial difficulty in the year 2008. The housing market was at a boom before 2008 when suddenly the prices dipped much below the purchase price also which first affected United States and then the fire spread to various economies globally. The sectors that were hurt the most was the investment banking, insurance, mortgage lending companies. The injuries of the crisis was not only felt by the financial hubs but also by the businesses who ran basically on credit. The loans were made available so cheaply that it raised the demands to an extent that people started living debt owned lives. The banks and the institutions made home loans so lucrative that lay men who were unaware of the policies and the terms agreed to take such loans in lieu greed to buy houses beyond affordability. These loans were sold to banks and two Chartered Accountant Institutions which in turn gave them more money to lend further. This way the bubble was built up and gradually and slowly it burst out (Elliot, 2011). The final tremors were felt in Sept 2008 however the trailer of the tremor had started to release since January 2008 when Bank of America completed its purchase of the Countrywide Financial Corp , the largest mortgage lender of USA. The next trailer was released after two months in the month of March when JP Morgan Chase saved the bankruptcy of Bear Streams- A Wall Street Investment house. Even the Federal Bank had to chip in $30 Billion to save Bear Streams (Mathiason, 2008). Then the final earthquake was felt across all countries. America tried to absorb the shock alone but could not two most preferred investment bankers Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers faced a market downsize of their shares. Bank of America again moved ahead and at 50 percent of its value bought Merrill Lynch which saved it from declaring itself as bankrupt. However to the unfortunate luck of Lehman Brothers who could not find a buyer for itself declared bankruptcy the very following day after the buy out of Mer rill Lynch. Thus it led to tumbling down of the strongest of the financial pillars of USA in some few days time. The speed was so rapid that the government did not get time to react. But the crisis did not halt in USA only. It marched down across all the continents (Havemann, 2010). Thus very soon this fire burnt the hands of many economies and the financial viabilities of individuals, entities, business houses and even economies were totally snapped off. The waves of the financial crisis was so strong that it did not leave a single stone untouched globally. Causes of Global Financial Crisis It would be very unfair to blame the Sub-Prime Mortgages the only reason for this catastrophe. There were other contributories also which should not be ignored and safeguarded. The other contributions that led to this fall are mentioned as under: Lust : Greed or lust to earn more is not a very bad thing but if the same greed takes a negative turn then it can be harmful for the economy also. Similar was the situation in 2008 when people wanted to become rich by investing into real-estates without even conducting proper surveys before such investments. Rising volumes of easy loans and the incorrect credit rating which rated these loans as investments and corruptive politicians who forced banks to give loans to people who were not worthy of it all fuelled up this crisis (Davies, 2014). Securitization: Providing a pool of investment instruments nd wealth creating assets as collateral to the investment bankers and similar financial hubs is termed as securitization. During this time frame many loans were distributed without taking proper credit worthy calls When the financial down surge hit then these investments and loans which were unworthy all failed to liquidate. This also aggravated the said financial crisis (Maxfield, 2015). Credit Rating Agencies: In lieu of making undue profits three most worldwide recognized rating agencies namely S P, Moody and Fitch classified the subprime securities as investments. Partly this is said to be due to incompetency of classification whereas the other part defines that they were bribed by these issuers of the securities. Thus these agencies misutilized the trust that the general public has on them. Off Balance Sheet Risk: The non-recognition of the risky assets in the balance sheets of the financial institutions because of increasing securitization made the financials statements look rosy to the investors. This also fuelled the occurrence of the mishap. Regulatory Framework: The institutions and the financials analysts were new to such kind of financial products loaded with such easy guidelines and rules that led to the financial instability of many firms and thus contributed to the economic crash. Effect of the Global Financial Crisis on the World Economy The financial crisis in the year 2008 was very aptly termed as the Global Financial Crisis as it took a toll over all the economies across the globe. There was withdrawal of support from banks, corporations, investing agencies and the financiers which aggravated the situation further down. People were al trying to safeguard themselves from the effects of this crash rather than pulling back their economy. The effects were so steep in nature (Naude, 2009). However it is a very amusing fact that the impact was varying amongst countries. The fact that the economies would not have been affected is a misconception as to flourish it is important to have economic linkages across boundaries (McComick, 2009). The first bolt was felt in the employment sector. All the sectors had cut down their production or had to shut down industries due to slipping down of demands for the products because of low purchasing power. This in turn led to jobless situation and a fear into the minds of the job class as to how long is there job secured. People were not sure how long will they be able to feed their families, the depression was dug so deep (Nissanke, 2009). The crisis though had hit almost all the countries yet some had to suffer deeper cuts. The under developed and the developing nations were the worst affected. The economies of countries like India, China, Japan have still not been able to come out of its effects fully. The inflation index has soared up since then and is still rising so much that people are unable to cope up with it. The purchasing power dipped thus the standard of living got a thud(Institute of International Finance,2008). Apart from United States , Europe was another advanced continent which jad to also face the brunt of the crisis. Many big corporate houses, investment banks, and other lending institutions came down and were into ashes. The government could only extend its helping hand towards bailing out the better firms and thus many smaller ones collapsed under this pressure (Shah, 2013). Africa was one continent which felt the least of tremors. It is one continent which has least interactions globally. It has always stayed isolated in comparison to other continents. But the fire had touched Africa too even if not as deep as in other parts of the Universe. It had disturbed the Balance of Payment situation of these countries which overhauled there growth (African Development Bank,2008). Impact of Global Financial Crisis in Australia Australia felt the least of the tremors of the Global Financial Crisis . Amongst the developed nations it could easily sail through the effects of the GFC. Its economic graph tilted slightly towards the negative only in one quarter but it immediately moved in the green channel in the very next quarter of March 2009. The banking sector continued to report profits with no significant failures. However the bad debt levels had increased tremendously. The country is said to be fortunate enough to sail through it because of its stringent policies and economic management (Edey, 2009). There were many reasons which prompted that Australia could have been the worst hit countries amongst many others. The reasons were the highest number of asset backed securities issued by the country, the largest hedge fund share in Asia with no regulations governing the working of this sector, heavy dependency on the foreign inflows by the biggest four banks of the country. The stock exchange fell down by 40 percent (Berg, 2014). The most appreciated outlook of Australia was that it had learnt from the 1990 crisis which led to failure of its two government banks. It is this incident which improved the manner in which banks are to work.They had also raised funds abroad but not for buying these risky securities but for its own country. The banks were already in a zone of high income via there loan models which made these highly risky securities less attractive to them. Australia was not much affected also because of its low interest in the sub prime mortagges. The continent was however exposed to a huge current account deficit which also it walked through easily due to government surpluses (Brown, Davis, 2010). There is no doubt to the fact that Australia had also felt the slaps of falling housing prices yet the effects were minimal because of the policies that were framed by the regulatory authorities. The economy of Australia is however still facing the risks of bank loans failures and goof ups which may take place due to leveraging of the housing loans. Pension funds have been eroded to some extent due to falling stock exchange. The investors both small as well as big had to face the situation because of there risk taking appetite which had forced them to buy risky investment products. However even after all these after effects which the continent had to suffer its economy is still in a very decent shape as compared to the other developed economies such as that of European Countries and the United States of America. The government of Australia has taken a lesson from there past and this is what enabled them to have huge reserves and enough surplus to enable its continent to survive hail and hearty (Alexandar, 2013). Conclusion Thus on a summarizing note it would not be fair to say that GFC 2008 had shattered all the economies across the globe. Some have been able to sail through successfully. But nonetheless we cannot deny this fact also that the affected countries are still reeling under its effects. The consequences have been such that recovery is still at its nascent stage. It is to be understood that the present scenario is posing a picture of yet another crisis soon to happen. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have released predictions that the growth rate of the developing countries will slow down even further. There is a sudden upsurge in the economy of China which is like an alarm bell to rise the eye brows of many countries again. There is again a housing bubble being noticed in the sky , not as strong as it was in 2008 but if not taken care of in the near future then there are high chances of such a repetition. The increasing dumping activity needs to be controlled at its earliest else we are foreseeing another storm of crisis which may destroy the future forever. References: Elliot, L., 2011, Global financial crisis : five key stages 2007-2011, viewed on 25th May 2016, Havemann, J., 2010, The Financial Crisis of 2008: Year in Review 2008, viewed on25th May 2016, Jones, C.I., 2009, The Global Financial Crisis : Overview, A Supplement to Macroeconomics, Norton Mathiason, N., 2008, Three Weeks that Changed the World, viewed on 25th May 2016, Davies, J., 2014, Global Financial Crisis What caused it and how the world responded, viewed on 25th May 2016, Maxfield, J., 2015, 25 Major Factors That Caused or Contributed to the Financial Crisis, viewed on 25th May 2016, Edey, M., 2009, The Global Financial Crisis and its Effects, Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, vol.28, no. 3, pp. 186-195 Alexandar, D., 2013, How Australia weathered the global financial crisis while Europe failed, viewed on 25th May 2016, Brown, C., Davis, K., 2010, Australias Experience in the Global Financial Crisis, viewed on 25th May 2016, Berg, C., 2014, The Cold Calculations of the GFC stimulus, viewed on 25th May 2016, Shah,A., 2013, Global Financial Crisis, viewed on 25th May 2016, Nissanke, M., 2009, The Global Financial Crisis and the developing world : Transmission channels and fall outs for the industrial development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Vienna Institute of International Finance,2008, Capital Flows to Emerging Market Economies, Institute of International Finance, Inc, Washington. African Development Bank,2008, The Current Financial Crisis and its Impact on African Economies, Briefing Note 1, presented at the Ministerial Conference on Financial Crisis, , Tunis. Naude, W., 2009, How will the Financial Crisis Impact on the Developing World and What Can be Done About it?, viewed on 25th May 2016, McComick, L., 2009, 8 Countries Hit Hardest by the Global Financial Crisis, viewed on 25th May 2016,